Entanglement in and ingestion of marine debris by sea turtles stranded along the South Texas coast

Entanglement data were collected from sea turtle stranding reports submitted to the Sea Turtle Stranding and Salvage Network from Mustang and North Padre Islands, Texas during 1986 and 1987. Data collected included: month and location of stranding, species stranded, curved carapace length of the turtle and type of entanglement. A general necropsy similar to that described by Wolke and George (1981) was performed on dead sea turtles stranded during 1986 and 1987 on Mustang, North Padre and South Padre Islands, Texas. During necropsy, the curved carapace length and width was measured, sex was determined by external examination of the gonads, the entire digestive tract was removed and all organs were examined for irregularities in an attempt to determine the cause of death of the turtle. The esophagus, stomach and intestinal tract were later opened in the lab. If debris was present, it was removed and its location in the digestive tract was noted. The remaining gut contents were preserved in 10% buffered formalin for later analysis.Marine Scienc

A Company Profile: a Way to Get More Customers for Irama Mas Yamaha Music School Surabaya

The absence of the Company Profile at Irama Mas Yamaha Music School (IMYMS) is a problem that can lead to several problems in convincing and attracting customers about its credibility and its uniqueness. Most customers only know that Irama Mas is a Yamaha Music School, while actually, it is more than just a music school. As a music company, Irama Mas needs to have more customers to support its successful in a business world. Therefore, the bilingual company profile with some chosen features is made to help IMYMS clearly explain and attract customers about its products and services and market IMYMS. This company profile can also be used as a guidance in making its website since it does not have a website

But no one in my family has been to university - aiming higher: school students attitudes to higher education

In this paper, we present findings from the second stage of a three year longitudinal study involving 3,570 students aged 13-18 in a London Borough looking at the impact of Widening Participation (WP) on the attitudes of students. We outline findings from a previous stage and then focus specifically on two cohorts of Year 10 students (aged 14-15) in two consecutive years. The students completed the specially designed Attitudes to Higher Education Questionnaire (AHEQ) and provided information on WP activities in which they had participated. Data on the students' academic attainment and social backgrounds were also included. There were significant sex and cohort differences and interactions which were found to be related to WP activities specifically aimed at increasing the participation of socially disadvantaged students in higher education. The implications of findings are discussed in relation to theories of social identity and self concept and the implementation of strategies to increase participation in Higher Educatio

THE TREATMENT OF SPINAL PARAPLEGIA AT STOKE MANDEVILLE

The English National Spinal Unit at Stoke Mandeville is a unique centre in that it was the first hospital in the world where the treatment of spinal injuries was studied comprehensively and a completely new approach evolved. It began early during the Second World War with the increased number of spinal injuries. Dr. Ludwig Guttman, with difficulty, gained permission to put some new ideas into practice and began with one patient. The centre had, at the time I was there in 1951–1952, increased to one hundred and twenty beds in the hospital, had its own staff of doctors, surgeons, nursing staff and orderlies, and, of the eighteen physiotherapists employed at the hospital, sixteen worked full time in the unit. Between all the members of staff, from Dr. Guttman down, there was a tremendous spirit of cooperation and enthusiasm which inspired all the patients as well and made us all into a happy, purposeful, and single-minded team. Each physiotherapist had eight to ten patients to treat, and this, with weekly lectures on various aspects of spinal injury treatment by the medical staff, attendance at the initial examination of patients, and on ward rounds, meant a very full programme of work for all. The hospital itself was well constructed for paraplegic needs. It was built on one level with necessarily broad corridors to cope with high-speed wheelchair traffic. All stepped entrances had been converted into easily graded ramps. A handle on a chain hung over all beds, in all garages, toilets, and baths, to facilitate the patient's transfer without assistance from one place to another

Effectiveness of vitamin E or zinc in reducing udder edema of heifers fed excess iron

The health of a dairy cow is of extreme economic importance to the dairy farmer especially at the time of parturition. Parturition and the period immediately before and after parturition are the most stressful times in the life of adult dairy cows. Most health problems will occur early in the cow\u27s lactation cycle. It is an advantage to the farmer to have his or her cows in top physical condition as this time approaches. According to Shanks et al. (1981) mammary and reproductive costs were over 50% of the total health costs in the first 30 days of lactation. Because these are the two most important areas of production, they effect the income of the farmer the most. Reproductive and mammary gland diseases effect the quality and quantity of milk as well as the cost of the treatments (Shanks et al., 1981, and Vestwebber et al., 1984). The health of the mammary gland is of extreme importance to the dairy farmer, because this is where the majority of his or her income is obtained. An animal with udder edema requires more labor to milk, is more prone to injury, and is under an extreme amount of stress (Dentine et al., 1983). Although the exact cause of udder edema is not known, there have been numerous proposal as to its origin (Vestwebber et al., 1984). Miller et al. (1993) reported a reduction in the number of animals with udder edema when an adequate amount of vitamin E and Se were received from the diet before parturition. This might suggest that oxidative stress could play a role in the incidence and severity of udder edema. Oxidative stress is caused by a build up of oxygen free radicals in the cow\u27s blood system. The reactive oxygen metabolites, which include superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are produced as a result of normal metabolic functions. They are often involved in important physiological roles such as phagocytic action and enzymatic control (Rice-Evans et al., 1993). When produced at normal metabolic rates these free radicals are not harmful, however, if they are converted to more reactive species by transition metals, such as Fe and Cu, they can cause great harm to the body (Miller et al., 1993; Halliwell, 1991; Beger et al., 1990; and Groot, 1994). Iron is essential for life so the body protects itself by sequestering Fe in the proteins, transferrin and ferritin. However in cases where Fe is excessive in the diet or during infection, inflammation and environmental stress, Fe may become available. This occurs because Fe binding sites become saturated allowing Fe to become decompartmentalized or nonspecifically bound. Decompartmentalized Fe then becomes the initiator of free radical chain-reactions. Iron can be involved in several different types of oxidative reactions. Iron catalyses the reaction between superoxide and hydrogen peroxide to produce the hydroxyl radical (Groot, 1994). The hydroxyl radical which is the most reactive radical (Burton, 1994), causes specific damage to phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA strands (Miller et al., 1993). Iron may also be involved in lipid peroxidation to form alkoxyl and peroxyl radicals (Halliwell, 1991). It is important to terminate the free radical reactions before it causes extensive damage to the body. Antioxidants can prevent free radical reactions by several different mechanisms. There are at least three lines of defense against free radical damage (Miller and Madsen, 1994). First macromolecules compartmentalize transition elements preventing their catalytic activity. Second, antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase remove superoxide and peroxides before they can approach catalytic transition metals. Finally, chemical antioxidants terminate peroxidative chains initiated by free-radicals which escaped the first two lines of defense. These exogenous antioxidants include vitamin E which protects against lipid peroxidation (Bendich, 1993). Unfortunately, it takes more than vitamin E to contain all free radical reactions. Vitamin E is ineffective against site specific radical damage. Site specific damage occurs when Fe is loosely bound to a protein and causes the formation of the hydroxyl radical at that site (Har-el and Chevion, 1991). Zinc, which only recently has been recognized as an antioxidant, can prevent site specific damage. Zinc prevents these reactions because of its similar chemical make up to Fe (Bettger et al., 1990). Zinc has the unique ability to displace Fe during redox reactions producing a non-reactive product (Har-el, 1991). Because so often dairy cattle diets contain high concentrations of Fe, it may be necessary to consider supplementation with Zn as a preventative measure for the damaging effect that decompartmentalized Fe may cause. Parturition is an extremely stressful time for the animal, therefore it is possible that oxidative stress may increase the severity and the incidence of udder edema in dairy cows. Oxidative stress may cause udder edema by increasing membrane permeability or decreasing the production of reproductive hormones causing and increase in water retention (Vestwebber et al., 1984; Miller et al., 1993). This experiment was designed to test the effectiveness of vitamin E or Zn in reducing udder edema of heifers fed excess Fe