The power of the International Court of Justice to indicate provisional measures to prevent the aggravation of a dispute

1The present article aims at examining, in the light of the Court’s practice, some issues concerning the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures to prevent the aggravation or extension of the dispute. While the existence of a power to indicate non-aggravation measures appears to be well established in the Court’s case-law, the scope of this power has proved to be a more controversial issue. This study argues that, by attaching relevance to the element of aggravation, the Court has been able to indicate measures that are not strictly needed to prevent a risk of irreparable harm but which at any rate contribute to a greater protection of the rights of the parties; at the same time, however, the Court has so far refrained from regarding the risk of aggravation as a circumstance which may justify a less stringent evaluation of the other conditions that normally need to be satisfied for the granting of interim protection under Art. 41.openP. PALCHETTIPalchetti, Paol

Armed attack against the military force of an international organization and use of force in self-defence by a troop-contributing State: A tentative legal assessment of an unlikely scenario

If the military force of an international organization is made the object of a military attack by a State, that international organization may be regarded as being entitled to use force in self-defence. However, since the forces of international organizations are generally composed of national contingents which States put at the disposal of the international organizations, the question may be raised as to whether, in case of an armed attack against such forces, the sending State would also be entitled to use force in self-defence to protect its national contingent. This question, which was addressed, albeit in a very cursory manner, in the 2009 report of the EU Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia, has to be answered taking into account the status of national contingents as organs of the sending States. By attaching relevance to the contingent\u2019s dual status and to the rationale underlying the rule on self-defence, this study argues that whenever the national contingent is made the object of an armed attack the possibility for the sending State to invoke self-defence cannot be excluded. In particular, the invocability of self-defence by the sending State should be admitted in those cases in which the armed attack is clearly aimed at targeting that State

\uabA key institution for interpreting international law and guaranteeing global compliance with its provisions\ubb: La dichiarazione italiana di accettazione della competenza della Corte internazionale di giustizia

International audienc

Making and enforcing procedural law at the International Court of Justice

In this article I will first deal with the power of the International Court of Justice to adopt rules of procedure. My intention here is to assess the procedure followed in practice by the Court for the adoption of such rules, as well the different instruments by which this regulatory power is exercised. I will then examine the \u2018power of sanction\u2019 of the Court, namely the ways and means by which the Court may sanction the parties of a dispute in case of a breach of a procedural rule or when a party attempts to exploit such rules to obstruct the administration of justice. By focusing on (international procedural) law-making and (international procedural) law-enforcement,the aim is also to shed light on possible dynamics \u2013 relating to the relationship between the Court and States, both as prospective clients and as parties to a case \u2013 that may influence the activity of the Court, acting as a limitation to its general freedom in this fiel

SVILUPPO DI UN SISTEMA DI COMUNICAZIONE SERIALE SU INTERFACCIA LVDS PER APPLICAZIONI AVIONICHE

Sviluppo di un sistema di comunicazione seriale su interfaccia LVDS per applicazione avioniche: Organizzazione del protocollo, descrizione del sistema in codice VHDL e sua implementazione su FPGA. Analisi delle problematiche relative alla messa a punto del canale fisico per un canale di comunicazione seriale (Jitter e probabilità d'errore)

Technical Note: REFIR-PAD level 1 data analysis and performance characterization

The outgoing long-wave radiation from the Earth's atmosphere in the far infrared spectral region is mostly unexplored, while is well recognized that the water vapour contribution to greenhouse trapping is dominant in this region. The Radiation Explorer in the Far InfraRed (REFIR) study has proven the feasibility of a space-borne Fourier transform spectrometer able to perform the measurement in the 100–1100 cm<sup>−1</sup> range with a resolution of 0.5 cm<sup>−1</sup>. Following this work a prototype of the spectrometer named REFIR-PAD (Prototype for Applications and Development) has been developed to observe the atmospheric radiance from both ground-based sites and from stratospheric balloon platforms. In this work we describe the REFIR-PAD level 1 data analysis procedure, that, starting from raw instrumental data produces the calibrated atmospheric spectral radiance. Performances of the procedure are also described

Elektrokemijski biosenzori za procjenu onečišćivača radi poboljšanja kakvoće hrane

This paper describes the application of electrochemical disposable biosensors in food analysis, which have recently been developed in our laboratory. The disposable biosensors, based on acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential, were exploited for testing the presence of organophosphorus and carbamatepesticides in water, fruit, and vegetable samples. The paper further describes preliminary tests for the detection of genetically modified organisms and hybridisation by coupling the DNA biosensors with the polymerase chain reaction.U radu su opisane neke primjene jednokratnih elektrokemijskih biosenzora za analizu hrane koji su nedavno razvijeni u našem laboratoriju. Biosenzori za jednokratnu upotrebu, bazirani na inhibiciji aktivnosti kolinesteraze primijenjeni su za ispitivanje prisutnosti organofosfornih i karbamatnih pesticida u uzorcima voda, voća i povrća. Razvijena je skupina DNK-biosenzora, a u ovom radu prikazani su rezultati preliminarnih ispitivanja detekcije genetički modificiranih organizama i hibridizacije vezanjem PCR i DNK-biosenzora

Transfected poly(I:C) activates different dsRNA receptors leading to apoptosis or immunoadjuvant response in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells

Background: Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is refractory to chemo-radiotherapy. Results: Transfection of the synthetic analog of dsRNA poly(I:C) simultaneously stimulates apoptosis and IFN- expression through different pathways in androgen-independent prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Conclusion: Dual parallel pathways triggered by distinct receptors activate direct and immunologically mediated antitumor effects in advanced PCa. Significance: The proapoptotic/immunoadjuvant poly(I:C)-Lipofectamine complex may offer new therapeutic insights into CRPC

Nanoparticles-cell association predicted by protein corona fingerprints

In a physiological environment (e.g., blood and interstitial fluids) nanoparticles (NPs) will bind proteins shaping a "protein corona" layer. The long-lived protein layer tightly bound to the NP surface is referred to as the hard corona (HC) and encodes information that controls NP bioactivity (e.g. cellular association, cellular signaling pathways, biodistribution, and toxicity). Decrypting this complex code has become a priority to predict the NP biological outcomes. Here, we use a library of 16 lipid NPs of varying size (Ø ≈ 100-250 nm) and surface chemistry (unmodified and PEGylated) to investigate the relationships between NP physicochemical properties (nanoparticle size, aggregation state and surface charge), protein corona fingerprints (PCFs), and NP-cell association. We found out that none of the NPs' physicochemical properties alone was exclusively able to account for association with human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). For the entire library of NPs, a total of 436 distinct serum proteins were detected. We developed a predictive-validation modeling that provides a means of assessing the relative significance of the identified corona proteins. Interestingly, a minor fraction of the HC, which consists of only 8 PCFs were identified as main promoters of NP association with HeLa cells. Remarkably, identified PCFs have several receptors with high level of expression on the plasma membrane of HeLa cells