Association between Walking and Depression: A Correlational Study with Mexican American Older Adults

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between amount of time walking and depressive symptomology in Mexican American older adults. Participants’ data was part of the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly data collected between 2011 and 2012 in five states. The sample included 421 older adults who were predominantly female (60%) and had a mean age of 87. A bivariate correlation was conducted between the amount of time spent walking (minutes) and number of depressive symptoms reported as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D total score). Results showed a negative correlation between minutes walking and number of depressive symptoms endorsed (r=- .22, p=\u3c.001). The findings of this study support previous research suggesting that physical activity (specifically walking) is associated with fewer depressive symptoms (Julien et al, 2015). Further, this study generalizes these findings to Mexican Americans and suggests that the effects of walking on depressive symptomatology previously identified in Caucasians and other ethnicities are also observed in a Hispanic population. Given the increased risk for depressive symptoms in older adults, important clinical implications of this study include the assessment of physical activity in this population by health professionals, as well as education on this topic and encouragement to engage in as much physical activity as possible. Future research should explore the effects of other physical activities on depressive symptomatology

rCBF in an Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Sample and its Relationship to Shyness and Self-Esteem In Children: A SPECT Study

To investigate brain activity as measured by SPECT scans of children diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) whose parents rated their level of shyness and self-esteem. Parents of the OCD participants completed a symptom checklist that included ratings for shyness and self-esteem, while children received SPECT scans. The sample (N=144) was divided into two extreme quartiles depending on the scores in the shyness and self-esteem scale: below the 25th (N=74, Male=75.67%, Mean age=12.6 years) and above the 75th quartile (N=70, Male=60%, Mean age=13.2). An independent-sample-t-test (p is less than .05) was conducted to compare high and low self-esteem and shyness scores. The results showed that the high shyness and low self-esteem group had greater perfusion in the limbic system (Mean=47.11, Standard Deviation=9.46); however, the low shyness and high self-esteem group showed greater blood flow in the parietal area (Mean=52.70, Standard Deviation=8.29). The limbic system functions include emotion and affect, compared to the parietal functions which are associated with visual-constructive and controlled fluency abilities. In order to carry out their compulsions, children may avoid social interactions. Consequently, these children may have difficulties developing self-esteem and confidence. Clinical implications include taking into consideration the different levels of emotionality and extraversion as health professionals develop treatment plans for children with the disorder