Probing Aqueous Electrolytes with Fourier Spectrum Pulse-Echo Technique

The nature of variations of ultrasonic wave velocity(v) and attenuation constant({\alpha}) with the concentration(c) in aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl and CsCl are investigated at room temperature(250C) at 1MHz and 2 MHz wave frequency. Fourier Spectrum Pulse-Echo (FSPE) technique is used to achieve better accuracy in measurement, particularly for {\alpha} measurement. In NaCl and KCl abrupt changes in the values of v and {\alpha} are noticed at particular solution concentrations whereas, for CsCl almost smooth variation in v is observed over the whole concentration range for both of the frequencies 1 and 2 MHz . The nature of variation in v and {\alpha} in these solutions are analyzed in view of other spectroscopic studies. The well-known Jones-Dole equation that explains the viscosity({\eta}) variation in many electrolyte solutions, offers satisfactory fits to the experimental velocity variation with parameter values characteristics of the sample

Fiscal decentralization and development: How crucial is local politics?

Does fiscal decentralization in a politically decentralized less developed country help strengthen democratic institutions at the grass root level? And is the impact of such decentralization on local politics important in determining local development? Our study on Indonesia suggests that fiscal decentralization enhanced free and fair local elections, though the incidence of elite capture, and the consequent breakdown of local democracy, was also present in significant proportions. Fiscal decentralization promoted development mostly in communities which transited out from elite capture to embrace free and fair elections. This was followed by communities that experienced the emergence of elite capture. Communities that continued to remain under either elite capture or free and fair elections did the worst. These findings suggest that while the emergence of elite capture exists, it may not necessarily be the most harmful. Instead, and surprisingly so, stability of local polity hurts development the most

Fiscal Decentralization and Development: How Crucial is Local Politics?

Does fiscal decentralization in a politically decentralized less developed country help strengthen democratic institutions at the grass root level? And is the impact of such decentralization on local politics important in determining local development? Our study on Indonesia suggests that fiscal decentralization enhanced free and fair local elections, though the incidence of elite capture, and the consequent breakdown of local democracy, was also present in significant proportions. Fiscal decentralization promoted development mostly in communities which transited out from elite capture to embrace free and fair elections. This was followed by communities that experienced the emergence of elite capture. Communities that continued to remain under either elite capture or free and fair elections did the worst. These findings suggest that while the emergence of elite capture exists, it may not necessarily be the most harmful. Instead, and surprisingly so, stability of local polity hurts development the most.local politics, less developed nation, decentralization

Collective modes in multicomponent condensates with anisotropy

We report the effects of anisotropy in the confining potential on two component Bose-Einstein condensates (TBECs) through the properties of the low energy quasiparticle excitations. Starting from generalized Gross Pitaevskii equation, we obtain the Bogoliubov de-Gennes (BdG) equation for TBECs using the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) theory. Based on this theory, we present the influence of radial anisotropy on TBECs in the immiscible or the phase-separated domain. In particular, the TBECs of $^{85}$Rb~-$^{87}$Rb and $^{133}$Cs~-$^{87}$Rb TBECs are chosen as specific examples of the two possible interface geometries, shell-structured and side by side, in the immiscible domain. We also show that the dispersion relation for the TBEC shell-structured interface has two branches, and anisotropy modifies the energy scale and structure of the two branches.Comment: 9 pages, 13 figure

Bifurcations, stability, and mode evolution in segregated condensate mixtures

We present new features of low energy Bogoliubov quasiparticle excitations of a two component Bose-Einstein condensate (TBEC) in quasi-2D geometry at zero temperature using Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB). We, in particular, consider the TBECs of $^{133}$Cs~-$^{87}$Rb and $^{85}$Rb~-$^{87}$Rb, and show specific features in the low energy excitation spectrum as a function of the interaction strength. For $^{85}$Rb~-$^{87}$Rb TBEC, the appearance of a new zero energy mode is observed. Whereas for $^{133}$Cs~-$^{87}$Rb TBEC we report a bifurcation of the softened Kohn mode at the point of transition from miscible to immiscible domain. The lower energy mode, after the bifurcation, goes soft and becomes a new Goldstone mode of the system.Comment: The paper has 9 pages and 12 figure