Role of emergency bilateral internal iliac ligation in postpartum hemorrhage

ABSTRACTBackground: The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of emergency bilateral internal iliac ligation in intractable postpartum hemorrhage.Methods: A retrospective study was done on 33 women who have undergone emergency bilateral internal iliac ligation in obstetrics haemorrhage.Results: In all of 33 women under this study bilateral internal iliac ligation was performed in emergency. (11) of the cases were of atonic PPH, placenta previa (8), uterine rapture (7), extension of C-section scar (3), vaginal and cervical laceration (3) and uterine perforation (1). hysterectomy was not performed in any of the cases. internal iliac artery was injured in one case during the procedure and was managed successfully but two patients died during and after the BIIL.Conclusions: BIIL is an effective, less time consuming and life-saving procedure in intractable obstetrics hemorrhage if early decision is taken and performed by practiced surgeons

RNAi-Mediated Control of Lepidopteran Pests of Important Crop Plants

Insects as pests destroy annually an estimated 18–20% of the crop production worldwide. Caterpillars, the larval stage of moths, are the major pests of agricultural products owing to their voracious feeding habits. In the past few decades, the potent methods of insect control, such as insecticides and Bt toxins, have been constrained as a result of health hazards, environmental issues, and development of resistance, after their prolonged application. Thus, there is need to find alternative options to improve plant protection strategies. Recently, RNA interference (RNAi), the post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism, has emerged as one of such a novel, sustainable, and environment friendly approaches for insect management and crop protection. RNAi technology relies on selection of a vital insect pest target gene and its expression as a double stranded RNA or stem-loop RNA molecule, which is recognized by the host RNAi machinery and processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs). The siRNA/miRNA along with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) binds to the complimentary mRNA and induce gene silencing at post-transcriptional level. With effective target-gene selection and transgenic plants expressing these precursor RNA molecules, insect pests of various crops have been efficiently managed. In this chapter, we discuss the basic mechanism of RNAi and its application in controlling lepidopteran pests of important crop plants

Role of interstitial "caged" Fe in the superconductivity of FeTe1/2Se1/2

All samples are synthesized through standard solid state reaction route and are quenched to room temperature systematically at 7000C, 5000C, 3000C and room temperature (RT); named as 700Q, 500Q, 300Q and RTQ respectively. The structural and magnetic properties are studied. Careful Reitveld analysis of XRD patterns revealed that though all samples except 700Q are crystallized in single phase with space group P4/nmm, the presence of interstitial Fe (Feint) at 2c site is increased from 5% for RTQ to 8% for 500Q. The 700Q sample is crystallized in Fe7Se8 phase. The transport and magnetization results revealed that though RTQ and 300Q are superconducting at 10 K and 13 K respectively, while the 500Q and 700Q are not. Magnetic ordering (Tmag) is observed at around 125 K for all the samples. The prominence of Tmag in terms of effective moment is sufficiently higher for 500Q and 700Q than RTQ and 300Q. Summarily it is found that quenching induced disorder affects the occupancy of interstitial Fe in FeTe1/2Se1/2 and thus both its superconducting and magnetic properties. Further it clear that limited presence of interstitial Fe at 2c site is not fully against observation of superconductivity, because 300Q sample possesses higher Tc (13 K) for higher Feint (6%) than RTQ sample with relatively lower Tc (10 K) having lower Feint (5%). Further the 500Q sample with much higher Feint (8%) is though non-superconducting.Comment: 8 pages text + figures contact- [email protected]

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Fatty acid composition of Sonchus arvensis L. roots

The roots of Sonchus arvensis L. were extracted with petroleum ether to afford the extract 2.39 % yield to the fresh weight of the material. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was prepared from the extract and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Eighteen fatty acids were identified and major fatty acids found to be Myristic acid (26.23 %), Palmitic acid (26.23 %), Linoleic acid (19.94 %), Pentadecanoic acid (3.11 %), Stearic acid (1.49 %), Behenic acid (1.27 %). The most abundant fatty acid identified was Myristic acid (26.23 %)

<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-US">Fatty acid composition of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Sonchus arvensis </i>L.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> </i>roots </span>

62-64The roots of Sonchus arvensis L. were extracted with petroleum ether to afford the extract 2.39 % yield to the fresh weight of the material. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was prepared from the extract and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Eighteen fatty acids were identified and major fatty acids found to be Myristic acid (26.23 %), Palmitic acid (26.23 %), Linoleic acid (19.94 %), Pentadecanoic acid (3.11 %), Stearic acid (1.49 %), Behenic acid (1.27 %). The most abundant fatty acid identified was Myristic acid (26.23 %)

Electrochemical behaviour of uncoated and phosphatidylcholine coated copper in hydrochloric acid medium

Electrochemical reactions occurring at the copper-aqueous hydrochloric acid interface and efficacy of phosphatidylcholine coating towards retarding the rate of these reactions are been assessed through potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic methods. Phosphatidylcholine coating retards the rate of both cathodic and anodic reactions at the metal-electrolyte interface and maintains high degree of corrosion inhibition efficiency for copper in hydrochloric acid with 0.5 M to 2 M concentration up to 96 h of exposure time. Mode of adsorption of phosphatidylcholine molecule on copper surface in acid medium is explained from FTIR spectroscopic data and corroborated with quantum chemical results

Fatty acid composition and antibacterial potential of Cassia tora (leaves and stem) collected from different geographic areas of India

The comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of Cassia tora (leaves and stem) was determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Twenty-seven fatty acids were identified in C. tora (leaves and stem) which was collected from three different geographical areas of India: Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), Nainital (Uttarakhand), and Bhavnagar (Gujarat), coded as CT-1, CT-2, and CT-3, respectively. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The major fatty acids found were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, margaric acid, melissic acid, and behenic acid. The highest amounts of saturated fatty acids were found in leaves of C. tora collected from Bhavnagar (Gujarat) (60.7% ± 0.5%). Thus, the study reveals that C. tora has a major amount of nutritionally important fatty acids, along with significant antimicrobial potential. Fatty acids play a significant role in the development of fat products with enhanced nutritional value and clinical application. Remarkable differences were found in the present study between fatty acid profiles of C. tora collected from different locations in India. To the best of our knowledge there is no previously reported comparative study of the fatty acids of C. tora