Borrowing for hospitalization in India

Borrowing to cover hospital costs is a major concern in developing countries, like India, as it may push households into despairs of poverty and indebtedness. The present study examines factors that lead to borrowing for hospitalization in case of Indian households. For this purpose, we use sample selection model. The analysis points out vulnerability of households from deprived sections of society and uneducated households, as they are more likely to borrow. Moreover, higher availability of public hospitals lowers probability of borrowing in rural areas. Thus, increasing coverage of public hospitals in rural areas might prove to be helpful.Hospital costs; Borrowing; Sample Selection Model

Analysing Catastrophic OOP Health Expenditure in India : Concepts, Determinants and Policy Implications

The present paper attempts to modify definition of catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditure by characterising it based on consumption of necessities. In literature, catastrophic expenditure is defined as that level of OOP health expenditure which exceeds some fixed proportion of household income or households capacity to pay. In the present paper, catastrophic health expenditure is defined as one which reduces the non-health expenditure to a level where household is unable to maintain consumption of necessities. Based on this definition of catastrophic health expenditure, the paper examines determinants of catastrophic OOP health expenditure in India. Findings suggest that it is important to carefully revise the concept of catastrophic health care spending and the method developed in this paper can be considered as one of the possible alternatives. We find that education is one of the important policy instruments that can be used to reduce incidence of catastrophic spending in India. The findings also suggest that even after efforts to reduce differences among various social classes in India, socially deprived classes are still vulnerable as they are more likely to experience financial catastrophe due to illness.Catastrophic health expenditure, Consumption of Necessities, India

Borrowing for hospitalization in India

Borrowing to cover hospital costs is a major concern in developing countries, like India, as it may push households into despairs of poverty and indebtedness. The present study examines factors that lead to borrowing for hospitalization in case of Indian households. For this purpose, we use sample selection model. The analysis points out vulnerability of households from deprived sections of society and uneducated households, as they are more likely to borrow. Moreover, higher availability of public hospitals lowers probability of borrowing in rural areas. Thus, increasing coverage of public hospitals in rural areas might prove to be helpful

Borrowing for hospitalization in India

Borrowing to cover hospital costs is a major concern in developing countries, like India, as it may push households into despairs of poverty and indebtedness. The present study examines factors that lead to borrowing for hospitalization in case of Indian households. For this purpose, we use sample selection model. The analysis points out vulnerability of households from deprived sections of society and uneducated households, as they are more likely to borrow. Moreover, higher availability of public hospitals lowers probability of borrowing in rural areas. Thus, increasing coverage of public hospitals in rural areas might prove to be helpful

4-[(4-Methyl­benz­yl)amino]-3-[(4-methyl­benz­yl)imino­meth­yl]-2H-chromen-2-one

The title compound, C26H24N2O2, was prepared from the reaction of 4-chloro-3-formyl­coumarin with p-methyl­benzyl­amine. Even though there are no strong and specific inter­actions in the crystal structure, the translationally related mol­ecules form chains along the b axis. The coumarin moieties are stacked through π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.5275 (7) Å], forming layers perpendicular to the stacking direction

Neuro-imaging in severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a study from North Indian tertiary health care institution

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy comprising of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are a major cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Neurological manifestations of pregnancy induced hypertension are the most common cause of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. Cranial neuro-imaging reveals focal regions of symmetric hemispheric oedema; with parietal and occipital regions getting most commonly affected.Methods: The study was conducted among 65 antenatal women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia at gestational age >20 weeks in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, Kamla Nehru State Hospital for Mother and Child IGMC Shimla. Clinical signs and symptoms, neuroimaging findings were recorded for study purpose.Results: About 17.6% of severe pre-eclampsia and 100% of eclampsia had findings observed on cranial MRI. Headache and visual complaints were most frequently recorded. PRES was the predominant neuroradiographic finding in present study and occipital lobe was commonly affected region. No significant difference was observed regarding blood pressure parameters between MRI positive and negative subjects.Conclusions: Neuroimaging in antenatal with severe hypertensive disorders might aid in better understanding of the poorly explained phenomenon. In addition, this would be helpful in better management of the disorders along with their much-dreaded complications. Patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy should be subjected routinely to cranial imaging for the better perinatal outcomes

Inequality in Housing and Basic Amenities in India

The paper analyses inequality in housing conditions for India for two time period 2008-09 and 2012. Housing conditions are important determinants of health status. Access to descent housing and basic amenities is essential to improve health status of people. Given this backdrop, we examine the distribution of housing and basic amenities, namely, drinking water, toilets and electricity, across regions and over time. We also study the determinants of access to these basic amenities. The results show unequal distribution of housing conditions with rich households having higher access to better housing. Under the Millennium Development Goals, the Indian government has worked towards improving access to safe drinking water and sanitation. However, the results of multivariate analysis show that the economic and social background of household determine the access to basic services even in the year 2012

Inequality in Housing and Basic Amenities in India

The paper analyses inequality in housing conditions for India for two time period 2008-09 and 2012. Housing conditions are important determinants of health status. Access to descent housing and basic amenities is essential to improve health status of people. Given this backdrop, we examine the distribution of housing and basic amenities, namely, drinking water, toilets and electricity, across regions and over time. We also study the determinants of access to these basic amenities. The results show unequal distribution of housing conditions with rich households having higher access to better housing. Under the Millennium Development Goals, the Indian government has worked towards improving access to safe drinking water and sanitation. However, the results of multivariate analysis show that the economic and social background of household determine the access to basic services even in the year 2012

Mitigation of cromium contamination by copper-ZVI bimetallic particles

Soil and water pollution by chromium is a major environmental concern. While existence of chromium in + 3 state is considered benign, it's presence in the + 6 state poses an environmental concern. Hence reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is considered as a satisfactory environmental solution to mitigate chromium contamination. The oxidation of a metal substrate can be enhanced by depositing small amount of nobler metal on its surface. The present study hence examines the efficiency of Cr (VI) reduction upon deposition of copper (oxidation potential: −0.34 V) on the surface of (zero valent iron) ZVI (oxidation potential: 0.04 V) particles. Batch experiments and pH and Eh measurements revealed that presence of copper loading on ZVI particles increases the efficiency of Cr(VI) reduction by 11 to 233 % in relation to the uncoated ZVI particles owing to enhanced electron activity and release of hydroxyl ions that converted Cr (VI) to mixed Fe-Cr oxide. The Cr (VI) reduction is accomplished in periods ranging from 60 to 240 min in the batch experiments and obeyed the pseudo first or second order kinetics

Millimetric Wave Seeker for Third Generation Antitank Guided Missiles

For the third generation antitank guided missiles (ATGMs) with fire-and-forget and top attack capabilities, a noncoherent millimetric wave (MMW) active radar seeker has been configured with all weather capabilities. To meet the stringent dimensional and weight constraints and beamwidth requirements of ATGM, a W-band system has been designed with trans-twist antenna with a compact comparator. The paper covers the system description and critical design issues, and presents the performance results achieved so far. Areas for improvements, especially for achieving a higher range, have also been pointed out