To what extent can a sediment yield model be trusted? A case study from the passaúna catchment, brazil

Soil degradation and reservoir siltation are two of the major actual environmental, scientific, and engineering challenges. With the actual trend of world population increase, further pressure is expected on both water and soil systems around the world. Soil degradation and reservoir siltation are, however, strongly interlinked with the erosion processes that take place in the hydrological catchments, as both are consequences of these processes. Due to the spatial scale and duration of erosion events, the installation and operation of monitoring systems are rather cost- and time-consuming. Modeling is a feasible alternative for assessing the soil loss adequately. In this study, the possibility of adopting reservoir sediment stock as a validation measure for a monthly time-step sediment input model was investigated. For the assessment of sediment stock in the reservoir, the commercial free-fall penetrometer GraviProbe (GP) was used, while the calculation of sediment yield was calculated by combining a revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE)-based model with a sediment delivery ratio model based on the connectivity approach. For the RUSLE factors, a combination of remote sensing, literature review, and conventional sampling was used. For calculation of the C Factor, satellite imagery from the Sentinel-2 platform was used. The C Factor was derived from an empirical approach by combining the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the degree of soil sealing, and land-use/land-cover data. The key research objective of this study was to examine to what extent a reservoir can be used to validate a long-term erosion model, and to find out the limiting factors in this regard. Another focus was to assess the potential improvements in erosion modeling from the use of Sentinel-2 data. The use of such data showed good potential to improve the overall spatial and temporal performance of the model and also dictated further opportunities for using such types of model as reliable decision support systems for sustainable catchment management and reservoir protection measures

Innovative Monitoring-Verfahren im Nachbergbau: Überblick, Potentiale, Erfahrungen: Innovative Monitoring-Verfahren im Nachbergbau: Überblick, Potentiale, Erfahrungen

Der verantwortungsbewusste Umgang mit alt- und nachbergbaulichen Strukturen umfasst den Aufbau und die Entwicklung eines Risikomanagementsystems. Aktuelle Informationen über die Stabilität der bergbaulichen Objekte, ihren Zustand und mögliche Auswirkungen auf die Tagesoberfläche werden durch ein Monitoringprogramm bereitgestellt. Der Beitrag behandelt die Zusammenhänge zwischen den bergbaulichen Elementen/ Objekten, den Ereignissen an der Tagesoberfläche, den zu messenden Parametern und den heute zur Verfügung stehenden Monitoringverfahren. In einem besonderen Fokus stehen alle Verfahren, deren Potentiale als besonders untersuchungswürdig eingestuft werden. Dazu zählen insbesondere die Daten des europäischen Erdbeobachtungsprogramms Copernicus. Die bisher gewonnenen Erfahrungen bei der Verschneidung der radarinterferometrischen, multi- und hyperspektralen Daten u.a. der Sentinel-Satelliten, mit den Ereignissen an altund nachbergbaulichen Elementen werden beschrieben. Neben der Analyse von Bodenbewegungsprozessen kommt den Veränderungen des Bodenwassergehaltes, der Vitalität der Vegetation und der Landnutzung eine besondere Bedeutung zu.The responsible handling of old- and post-mining structures encompasses the installation and the development of a risk management system. Up-to-date information about the mining objects` stability, their condition and possible effects to the ground surface are provided by a monitoring program. This contribution deals with the contexts between the mining objects, the effects to the ground surface, the parameters to be measured and the currently available monitoring methods. The methods which are recognized as extraordinary useful, shall be emphasized within this paper. Among these, the data of the European Earth observation program Copernicus are of a special interest. The to date gained experiences by merging of radar interferometrical, multi- and hyperspectral data with the old- and post-mining elements are being described. Besides the analysis of ground movement processes the variations of soil water, the vegetation’s vitality and the land use are focussed

Bergbaumonitoring im südlichen Ruhrgebiet

Der verantwortungsbewusste Umgang mit alt- und nachbergbaulichen Strukturen umfasst den Aufbau und die Entwicklung eines integrierten Risikomanagementsystems. Daher ist es wichtig, aktuelle Informationen über die bergbaulichen Elemente, ihren Zustand und mögliche Auswirkungen auf die Tagesoberfläche mittels verschiedener Monitoringmethoden zu ermitteln. Die Überwachung mittels Methoden der satellitengestützten Erdbeobachtung generiert Sensordaten, die mit in-situ Datensätzen zu validieren sind. Im Projekt "Gemeinsames Monitoring im Altbergbau" wurden für die Altgesellschaften des Steinkohlenbergbaus im südlichen Ruhrgebiet in einer ersten Projektphase die Elemente des Alt- und Nachbergbaus, die möglichen Ereignisse und die Parameter zur Detektion und die Möglichkeit der Messung der Ereignisse integriert betrachtet. In der aktuell laufenden zweiten Projektphase werden Radardaten des EU-Copernicus Programmes genutzt, um Bodenbewegungen mittels radarinterferometrischer PSI- und DSI-Methoden zu detektieren. Hierbei kommen innovative Methoden zur frühzeitigen Integration der Oberflächennutzung zur Anwendung, um so eine bessere Klassifizierung und Signifikanzanalyse der Bodenbewegung zu erreichen. Der Auswerteprozess wird zusätzlich mit alt- und nachbergbaulichen in-situ Daten angereichert. Das Projekt "Gemeinsames Monitoring im Altbergbau" bietet somit zukünftig die Möglichkeit alt- und nachbergbauliche Fragestellungen im Rahmen eines integrierten Risikomanagementsystems zu beantworten

Wissensbasierte Interpretation von Vegetationsflächen aus multitemporalen Fernerkundungsdaten

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A Comparison of the Effect of Virtual and Lecture-Based Patient Safety Education on Patient Safety Culture among Nurses

Background and Objectives: Patient safety is crucial for promotion of healthcare quality and is monitored as an important parameter by all healthcare provider organizations worldwide. Nurses play a major role in maintaining and promoting patient safety due to the nature of their work. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of patient safety education program on patient safety culture among nurses working in Ilam education-treatment centers. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 nurses were selected from Ilam educational-treatment centers and randomly allocated to two groups of virtual patient safety education and lecture-based education. Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture questionnaire was completed by nurses of the two groups before and after patient safety education program. Statistical analysis was performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, independent t-, and paired t-tests. The significance level was considered less that 0.05. Results: Patient safety culture was significantly improved in both virtual and lecture groups after educational intervention (p<0.01). In the virtual education group, the mean score of patient safety culture was higher than lecture group, and this difference was significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that educational programs could be used by administrators of health service providers to improve patient safety culture among nurses. Also, providing patient safety educations as virtual or lecture both will be helpful. &nbsp

Knowledge based interpretation of moorland in aerial images

For the interpretation of remote sensing data the traditional methods such as multispectral classification are in many cases not sufficient. This applies especially to more complex scenes. In order to interpret such scenes it is necessary to include and use more prior knowledge about the depicted objects, e.g. knowledge about the possible object structure or, in a multitemporal interpretation, knowledge about the possible temporal changes. In this paper we present an approach for the automatic interpretation of moorland from aerial images. The first step is a monotemporal interpretation. We use a knowledge based system with an explicit knowledge representation through semantic nets. This system is suitable to formulate explicitly (i.e. in a standard language) prior knowledge and to use it for the interpretation. In our case we divided moorland into different relevant land use classes and described them in a semantic net. For every class we described the obligatory parts. Obligatory parts are features and structures, which have to be detected in the particular areas in order to assign them the corresponding class. Because in moorland areas monitoring of changes is very important we extended the monotemporal system to a multitemporal one. The multitemporal interpretation also exploits explicitly represented prior knowledge about the possible temporal changes. The results show that the presented approach is suitable for the interpretation of moorland. The exploited additional prior knowledge led to an improvement of the interpretation, especially for the multitemporal one. © 2000 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. All rights reserved