The natural and antropogenic determinants of the development of gully systems in the Rogów area (Lublin Upland)

The study describes the gully system in the Rogów area (Lublin Upland). Based on field researchand available literature, four stages of gully erosion and three stages of alluvial sediment deposition were identified. The first erosion stage occurred towards the end of the last glacial period and was determined by natural factors. The other three erosion stages occurred in the Holocene and were impacted by man’s agricultural activity

Development of RDE/ISC test methodology in light of Euro 6d/VI emissions limits

This paper discusses the fact that vehicle and powertrain test methods have long been guided by type approval requirements - with a focus ot the recent/current example of real driving emissions (RDE) and in-service conformity (ISC) test requirements. The implications - current and future - of these testing requirement, which force the use of portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) are discussed. In this context, BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute’s PEMS systems are presented, and the systems’ attributes and versatility are explored. Considerations for testing a very wide range of vehicle, engine and fuel types are mentioned. Non-legislative applications of PEMS systems are briefly explored; finally, it is shown that the emissions laboratory and its chassis dyno remain indispensable when conducting work on light duty exhaust emissions, even in the era of RDE