De novo synthesis of highly substituted pyridines

This thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 provides a brief survey of the methodologies currently available for the de novo synthesis of cyclopentadienes. Particular relevance is given to the more general methods and to the preparation of structurally interesting compounds. Mechanistic details will also be given for interesting or unusual reaction pathways. Chapter 2 presents research findings in the field of the application of the decarboxylative Claisen rearrangement (dCr) reaction to the synthesis of aromatics. The development of a novel methodology for the preparation of substituted pyridines will be described. Firstly, the feasibility of the method will be shown by detailing the preparation of simple pyridines, carrying alkyl and aryl substituents. Subsequently, efforts to expand the scope of the methodology will be discussed and attempts to prepare diversely substituted, chiral and cyclofused compounds detailed. Finally, some preliminary results concerning the use of the dCr reaction for the synthesis of cyclopentadienes and cyclopentadienyl anions will be presented. Chapter 3 provides the experimental details and the characterisation data for all the compounds synthesised

How to develop a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) in the Eastern Partnership and Central Asian Cities ─ Guidebook PART I – The SEAP process, step-by-step towards the – 20 % target by 2020

This Guidebook is tailored to the specific needs of the Eastern Partnership and central Asian countries, which are still recovering from economic reform. As such, various specific indicators were calculated for the 11 Newly Independent States and a Business as Usual scenario was developed projecting the growth of their economy, and the increase in CO2 emissions for 2020 as a result of a 'do nothing' stance in terms of policies and the environmental regulations scenario. The current guidebook provides detailed step-by-step recommendations for the entire process of elaborating a local energy and climate strategy, from initial political commitment to implementation. It is divided into 3 parts: Part I relates to the description of the overall SEAP process and covers the strategic issues; Part II gives guidance on how to elaborate the Baseline Emission Inventory; Part III is dedicated to the description of technical measures that can be implemented at local level by the local authority in the different sectors of activity; The guidebook provides a flexible but coherent set of principles and recommendations. The flexibility will allow local authorities to develop a SEAP in a way that suits their own circumstances, permitting those already engaged in energy and climate action to come on board of the Covenant of Mayors, while continuing to follow the approaches they have used before with as little adjustments as possible.JRC.F.7-Renewables and Energy Efficienc

Covenant of Mayors in Figures - 5-Year Assessment

After almost 5 years of activity, preliminary results of the projects may be highlighted. Up to mid-March 2013, 4654 municipalities signed the Covenant, for a total of 156.75 million inhabitants in EU27 (corresponding to more than 42% of the EU27 urban population) and a total of 182.30 million inhabitants in the whole project (corresponding to 33% of the urban population of the relative countries). Furthermore 24 municipalities with more than 1,000,000 of inhabitants signed the Covenant.Among these signatories, 2508 already submitted a Sustainable Energy Action Plan and a corresponding Baseline Emission Inventory, resulting in 1099 accepted Action Plans, covering 45,311,965 inhabitants. Although the minimum commitment was to reduce 20% of the current emissions, 699 signatories committed to reduce more than threshold, resulting in an estimated emission reduction in 2020 of 97,197 KtCO2-eq (which a calculation uncertainties of ± 1,796 KtCO2-eq due to the different approaches that signatories used to report their emission inventories). The CoM appeared very popular in the southern European countries. As such the total CoM emissions of the signatories in Italy and Spain are approaching the national total of CoM sectors for Italy according to EDGAR estimates. In Northern European countries the CoM could gain some more popularity. Even though in some countries, such as Italy and Spain the publicity for the CoM paid off and many signatories were registered, real GHG reductions are only starting. Many effort and engagement will be needed by the mayors to realize the projected reductions. The implementation of several GHG reduction measures takes time, depending on the measure. However, with the extension of the CoM eastwards (into the Newly Independent States) and southwards (into the North-African countries around the Mediterranean sea) the EU-27 should be a representative example.JRC.H.2-Air and Climat

How to develop a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) in the Eastern Partnership and Central Asian cities

Since 2010 the Covenant of Mayors (CoM) initiative has come to involve 11 Eastern Partnership and Central Asian countries in the implementation of local sustainable energy policies. The specific situation which characterises these countries compels to adapt the methodology for the preparation of the Sustainable Energy Action Plans which has been developed to address the European context and which has been widely described in the Guidebook "How to develop a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP)". The present outline aims to complement the above mentioned Guidebook by presenting the main adaptations to the methodology as they are proposed for Eastern Partnership and Central Asian cities. It does this by presenting first an overview of the key principles these signatories should keep in mind when preparing a SEAP, and secondly by indicating the main critical aspects of the methodological adaptation. In this framework Eastern Partnership and Central Asian signatories are given the possibility to commit to an emission reduction target by 2020 based on their projections of emissions for this year following a Business-As-Usual scenario.JRC.F.7-Renewables and Energy Efficienc

De novo synthesis of highly substituted pyridines

This thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 provides a brief survey of the methodologies currently available for the de novo synthesis of cyclopentadienes. Particular relevance is given to the more general methods and to the preparation of structurally interesting compounds. Mechanistic details will also be given for interesting or unusual reaction pathways. Chapter 2 presents research findings in the field of the application of the decarboxylative Claisen rearrangement (dCr) reaction to the synthesis of aromatics. The development of a novel methodology for the preparation of substituted pyridines will be described. Firstly, the feasibility of the method will be shown by detailing the preparation of simple pyridines, carrying alkyl and aryl substituents. Subsequently, efforts to expand the scope of the methodology will be discussed and attempts to prepare diversely substituted, chiral and cyclofused compounds detailed. Finally, some preliminary results concerning the use of the dCr reaction for the synthesis of cyclopentadienes and cyclopentadienyl anions will be presented. Chapter 3 provides the experimental details and the characterisation data for all the compounds synthesised.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

HOW TO DEVELOP A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACTION PLAN (SEAP) IN THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP AND CENTRAL ASIAN CITIES ─ GUIDEBOOK. PART I - THE SEAP PROCESS, STEP-BY-STEP TOWARDS THE -20% TARGET BY 2020

The purpose of the present guidebook is to help the Covenant of Mayors signatories in Eastern Partnership countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine) and five Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) to reach the commitments they have taken by signing the Covenant, and in particular to prepare within the year following their official adhesion a Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) and a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) BEI is a prerequisite to SEAP elaboration, as it will provide knowledge of the nature of the entities emitting CO2 on the municipality's territory, and will thus help select the appropriate actions. Inventories conducted in later years will allow determining if the actions provide sufficient CO2 reductions and if further actions are necessary. The current guidebook provides detailed step-by-step recommendations for the entire process of elaborating a local energy and climate strategy, from initial political commitment to implementation. It is divided into 3 parts: • Part I relates to the description of the overall SEAP process and covers the strategic issues; • Part II gives guidance on how to elaborate the Baseline Emission Inventory; • Part III is dedicated to the description of technical measures that can be implemented at local level by the local authority in the different sectors of activity; The guidebook provides a flexible but coherent set of principles and recommendations. The flexibility will allow local authorities to develop a SEAP in a way that suits their own circumstances, permitting those already engaged in energy and climate action to come on board of the Covenant of Mayors, while continuing to follow the approaches they have used before with as little adjustments as possible. This document is intended to help beginner towns/cities/regions to initiate the process and guide them through it. It should also provide experienced local authorities with answers to specific questions they are faced with in the context of the Covenant of Mayors, and if possible, with some fresh and new ideas on how to proceed.JRC.F.7-Renewables and Energy Efficienc

HOW TO DEVELOP A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACTION PLAN (SEAP) IN THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP AND CENTRAL ASIAN CITIES ─ GUIDEBOOK. PART II – Baselines Emission Inventories

This Guidebook is tailored to the specific needs of the Eastern Partnership and central Asian countries, which are still recovering from economic reform. As such, various specific indicators were calculated for the 11 Newly Independent States and a Business as Usual scenario was developed projecting the growth of their economy, and the increase in CO2 emissions for 2020 as a result of a 'do nothing' stance in terms of policies and the environmental regulations scenario. The part II of the guidelines, advice and recommendations for compiling a Baseline Emission Inventory are provided. It allows for provision of a reference base year from which changes in emissions and in particular reductions will be monitored in view of achieving the local authority's objective of CO2 reduction. Emission inventories are very important elements to maintain the motivation of all parties willing to contribute to the local authority's CO2 reductions objective, allowing them to see the results of their effortsJRC.F.7-Renewables and Energy Efficienc

How to develop a sutainable energy action plan (SEAP) in the eastern partnership and central asian cities - Guidebook: PART II - Baseline emission inventories

This guidebook is a revision of the guidebook “How to develop a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (2010)”, focusing on the eleven newly Independent States or the Eastern Partnership of the European Union. It has been realised with the support and input of many experts, from municipalities, regional authorities, agencies, city networks and private companies, under the responsibility of the EDGAR team. The EDGAR team is in this way enlarging its expertise in emissions towards the urban level and contributes to the methodological approach for establishing emission inventories in a consistent, comparable and accurate way.JRC.H.2-Air and Climat