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    Heterochromatin as a pluripotency marker : comparison between in vivo (mammals embryos) and in vitro (stem cells) models

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    A la suite de la fĂ©condation, le gĂ©nome embryonnaire subit diffĂ©rents remodelages Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques et structuraux, nĂ©cessaires Ă  son activation. Ces diffĂ©rents remaniements se poursuivent tout au long du dĂ©veloppement, alors que l’embryon progresse de l’état de totipotence vers la pluripotence et la diffĂ©rentiation. La pluripotence est un Ă©tat complexe et transitoire au cours duquel les cellules Ă  l’origine du futur organisme progressent d’un Ă©tat « naĂŻf » vers un Ă©tat « amorcĂ© ». L'Ă©mergence et l'Ă©volution de la pluripotence s'accompagnent notamment de changements dans la distribution de la mĂ©thylation de l'ADN et des modifications post-traductionnelles des histones. De prĂ©cĂ©dents travaux avaient mis en Ă©vidence que le profil Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tique de l’hĂ©tĂ©rochromatine pĂ©ricentromĂ©rique permet de discriminer les cellules murines pluripotentes naĂŻves et amorcĂ©es in vitro. Notamment, H3K27me3 est retrouvĂ©e aux chromocentres des mESCs naĂŻves tandis qu'elle est absente des chromocentres des mEpiSCs amorcĂ©es. Ainsi, ce projet avait pour objectifs de (i) dĂ©crire le profil Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tique des chromocentres au cours du dĂ©veloppement prĂ©coce murin, (ii) identifier les acteurs qui participent Ă  l’apposition de H3K27me3 aux chromocentres, et (iii) dĂ©terminer si ces mĂȘmes caractĂ©ristiques Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques sont conservĂ©es aux chromocentres du blastocyste bovin et/ou dans les ESCs bovines.Nous avons montrĂ© que, dans l’embryon murin, H3K27me3 s’accumule aux chromocentres dĂšs leur formation au stade 2-cellules et y est maintenue au cours du dĂ©veloppement prĂ©-implantation. De façon intĂ©ressante, la distribution de H3K27me3 semble ĂȘtre liĂ©e Ă  la maturation du lignage pluripotent puisque le profil de H3K27me3 change au moment de la sĂ©grĂ©gation de l’épiblaste naĂŻf par rapport Ă  l'endoderme primitif. Dans l’embryon post-implantation, H3K27me3 n'est plus prĂ©sente aux chromocentres quel que soit le lignage, y compris l’épiblaste pluripotent amorcĂ©. Nous avons pu souligner des diffĂ©rences entre la situation in vivo – oĂč le profil de H3K27me3 est homogĂšne dans l’ensemble des cellules de l’épiblaste – et ce qui avait Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crit in vitro dans les mESCs. Enfin, il a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence que la prĂ©sence de H3K27me3 aux chromocentres n’est pas impliquĂ©e dans le contrĂŽle transcriptionnel des sĂ©quences pĂ©ricentromĂ©riques puisque leur transcription tend Ă  diminuer au cours du dĂ©veloppement, indĂ©pendamment de la prĂ©sence de H3K27me3.Cette Ă©tude s’est Ă©galement intĂ©ressĂ©e aux protĂ©ines EZH2 et BEND3, pour dĂ©terminer leurs implications respectives dans l’apposition de H3K27me3. Nous avons montrĂ© qu'EZH2 se localise en pĂ©riphĂ©rie des chromocentres dĂšs leur formation, conjointement Ă  l’enrichissement progressif en H3K27me3 ; alors que BEND3 ne semble interagir avec les chromocentres qu’à partir du stade 8-cellules – suggĂ©rant que BEND3 n’est pas l’élĂ©ment principal de recrutement d’EZH2 aux chromocentres dans l’embryon –. Ainsi, dans l’embryon prĂ©-implantation et dans les mESCs non mutantes, la prĂ©sence de BEND3 aux chromocentres n’est pas couplĂ©e Ă  la prĂ©sence de H3K27me3 – contrairement aux observations faites pour EZH2 dont le changement de distribution dans l’embryon prĂ©cĂšde le changement de localisation de H3K27me3 aux chromocentres –. A l’aide d’une approche par siRNA ciblant les transcrits EZH2 ou les transcrits BEND3, il a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence que ni la forte diminution de BEND3, ni celle d‘EZH2, n’impactent la localisation de H3K27me3 aux chromocentres ou la transcription des sĂ©quences pĂ©ricentromĂ©riques.Enfin, cette Ă©tude montre que H3K27me3 se localise en pĂ©riphĂ©rie des chromocentres du blastocyste bovin. Cependant le profil de H3K27me3 ne semble pas Ă©voluer avec la progression de l’état de pluripotence, contrairement Ă  ce qui a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crit pour le modĂšle murin. Ces rĂ©sultats ont permis de mettre en Ă©vidence que la localisation de H3K27me3 au niveau des chromocentres semble ĂȘtre une caractĂ©ristique du dĂ©veloppement embryonnaire prĂ©coce quel que soit l'espĂšce.Following fertilization, the embryonic genome undergoes various epigenetic and structural remodelings, essential for its activation. These various changes proceed further throughout development, as the embryo progresses from totipotency to pluripotency and differentiation. Pluripotency is a complex and transient state in which the cells that will later give rise to the future organism progress from a "naĂŻve" to a "primed" state. The rise and progression of pluripotency is accompanied by changes in the distribution of DNA methylation and post-translational histones modifications. Previous work highlighted that the epigenetic profile of pericentromeric heterochromatin discriminates naive from primed murine pluripotent cells in vitro. Notably, H3K27me3, is found at the chromocenters of naive mESCs while this epigenetic mark is absent from the chromocenters of primed mEpiSCs. Thus, the objectives of this project were to (i) describe the epigenetic profile of chromocenters during early murine development, (ii) identify which actors are implied in the apposition of H3K27me3 to chromocenters, and (iii) determine whether these same epigenetic features are preserved at chromocenters of bovine blastocysts and/or in bovine ESCs.We showed that, in mouse embryo, H3K27me3 accumulates at the chromocenters from their formation at the 2-cell stage and is then maintained during pre-implantation development. Interestingly, the distribution of H3K27me3 seems to be related to the maturation of the pluripotent lineage since the profile of H3K27me3 changes upon segregation of the naive epiblast from the primitive endoderm. In the post-implantation embryo, H3K27me3 is not anymore at chromocenters whatever the lineages including the primed pluripotent epiblast. We were able to highlight important differences between the embryos in vivo - where the profile of H3K27me3 is homogeneous in all epiblast cells - and what was described in vitro in mESCs. Finally, we showed that the presence of H3K27me3 at chromocenters is not involved in the transcriptional control of pericentromeric sequences since their transcription tends to decrease during development, independently of the presence of H3K27me3.This study also focused on EZH2 and BEND3 proteins to assess their involvement in H3K27me3 apposition. We found that EZH2 localizes to the periphery of the chromocenters from their clustering, in conjunction with the progressive enrichment of H3K27me3; whereas BEND3 appears to interact with chromocenters only from the 8-cell stage onwards - suggesting that BEND3 is not the main driver of EZH2 recruitment to chromocenters in the embryo -. Similarly, in the pre-implantation embryo and in mESCs, the location of BEND3 at chromocenters does not correlate with the presence of H3K27me3 - in contrast to EZH2 whose change in distribution in the embryo precedes the change in localization of H3K27me3 at chromocenters -. Using a siRNA approach targeting either EZH2 or BEND3 transcripts, we showed that neither the strong reduction of BEND3, nor that of EZH2 influences the localization of H3K27me3 at chromocenters or the transcription of pericentromeric sequences.Finally, this study highlights that H3K27me3 is found at the chromocenters periphery in bovine blastocyst, although the profile of H3K27me3 at chromocenters seems not to evolve with the progression of pluripotency. These results highlighted similarities between species, where the localization of H3K27me3 at the chromocenters appears to be a feature of early embryonic development
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