58 research outputs found
Interpretation of the characteristics of ocean-dumped sewage sludge related to remote sensing
Wastewater sludge characteristics in general, and characteristics of wastewater sludges generated by the City of Philadelphia in particular, were addressed. The types and sources of wastewater sludges, a description of sludge treatment and disposal processes, examination of sludge generation and management for the City of Philadelphia, and definition of characteristics for typical east coast sludges undergoing ocean disposal were discussed. Specific differences exist between the characteristics of primary and secondary wastewater sludges, especially with the nature and size distribution of the solids particles. The sludges from the City of Philadelphia monitored during remote sensing experiments were mixtures of various sludge types and lacked distinguishing characteristics. In particular, the anaerobic digestion process exerted the most significant influence on sludge characteristics for the City of Philadelphia. The sludges generated by the City of Philadelphia were found to be typical and harbor no unique features
Recommended from our members
Recent advances in the chemical conversion of energetic materials to higher value products
The objective of this program is to develop novel R3 (Resource Recovery and Recycling) alternatives to the open burning/open denotation (OB/OD) of surplus energetic materials higher value products potentially provides environmentally sound and cost- effective alternatives to OB/OD. Our recent studies on the conversion of surplus energetic materials (high explosives, propellants). The use of energetic materials as chemical feedstocks for higher value products potentially provides environmentally sound and cost-effective alternatives to OB/OD. Our recent studies on the conversion of surplus energetic materials to higher value products will be described
Recommended from our members
New aminating reagents forthe synthesis of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene (TATB) and other insensitive energetic materials
We are investigating the amination of electrophilic aromatic systems through the use of Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution (VNS) chemistry. This research has led to a new synthesis of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) and 1,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (DATB) which uses 2,4,6-trinitroaniline (picramide) or 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene as starting materials. We also describe the development of a new class of VNS aminating reagents based on quarternary hydrazinium halides. 1,1,1-Trimethylhydrazinium iodide (TMHI), available from the methylation of the surplus propellant uns-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), was used in a new synthesis of TATB. The advantages, scope and limitations of the VNS approach to the synthesis of TATB and other amino-substituted nitroarenes are discussed
Recommended from our members
A Versatile Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene (TATB)
A safe and versatile synthesis of high-purity 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) based on vicarious nucleophilic substitution (VNS) chemistry has now been achieved. The starting material can be selected from a variety of inexpensive nitroarenes obtained from commercial suppliers (4-nitroaniline, picric acid) or U.S. stockpiles (ammonium picrate, TNT). The use of picric acid and ammonium picrate (Explosive D) is preferred as both compounds are directly converted to picramide in the presence of ammonium salts (diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium carbamate) in sulfolane at elevated temperature. The picramide resulting from this process is directly converted to TATB using an optimized VNS reaction employing inexpensive hydroxylamine as the nucleophilic aminating reagent. A crucial element in our synthesis is a novel and efficient purification of TATB
Recommended from our members
Synthesis, scale-up, and characterization of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105)
We have synthesized 4OOg of the new, insensitive, energetic heterocycle, 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-l-oxide (LLM-105) with 81% the energy of HMX and excellent thermal stability. The synthesis is a three step reaction sequence from the commercially available starting material, 2,6-dichloropyrazine, with an overall yield of 36%. In this paper we will describe the scale-up of the synthesis of LLM- 105 and report on performance and shock sensitivity experiments performed on this material
Recommended from our members
Conversion of the rocket propellant UDMH to a reagent useful in vicarious nucleophilic substitution reactions
The objective of our program is to develop novel, innovative solutions for the disposal of surplus energetic materials resulting from the demilitarization of conventional and nuclear munitions. In this report we describe the use of surplus propellant (UDMH) and explosives (TNT, Explosive D) as chemical precursors for higher value products. The conversion of UDMH to 1,1,1-trimethylhydrazinium iodide (TMHI) provides a new aminating reagent for use in Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution (VNS) reactions. When TMHI is reacted with various nitroarenes the amino functionality is introduced in good to excellent yields. Thus, 2,4,6-trinitroaniline (picramide) reacts with TMHI to give 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitroaniline (TATB) while 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) reacts with TMHI to give 3,5-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (DATNT). The advantages, scope and limitations of the VNS approach and the use of TMHI are discussed
Recommended from our members
Vicarious amination of nitroarenes with trimethylhydrazinium iodine
This paper investigated the use of 1,1,1-trimethylhydrazinium iodide as a vicarious nucleophilic substitution reagent for introducing amino groups into nitroaromatic substrates. The substrates included nitroarenes, polynitrobenzenes, picramide, TNB,TNT, and dinitropyrazole; other nitroazoles are being studied
Combining the Advantages of Tetrazoles and 1,2,3‐Triazoles: 4,5‐Bis(tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐1,2,3‐triazole, 4,5‐Bis(1‐hydroxytetrazol‐5‐yl)‐1,2,3‐triazole, and their Energetic Derivatives
- …