Study of the variations of superior cerebellar artery in human cadavers

Background: Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA) arises just caudal to the bifurcation of basilar artery. The artery may be exposed in various neurosurgical procedures pertaining to the basilar apex, cerebellopontine angle, clivus etc. With the recent advances in neuroradiology and microvascular surgeries, the knowledge of the anatomical variations becomes very important for the neurosurgeons to perform the operations safely and successfully. Aim of current study was to study the morphometry and anatomical variations of the proximal segment of SCA (i.e. from its origin to its first bifurcation).Methods:150 SCAs were studied by gross dissection of 75 formalin embalmed brains obtained from the department of anatomy Mysore medical college and MVJ medical college over a period of 5 years.  Results:Variations like duplication in the origin was seen in 23.3%, triplication in 2% of SCAs, and abnormal origin from Posterior Cerebellar Artery (PCA) in 25.3% were noted. Other variations like tortuous course & fenestration of SCA were found. The distance from the origin of SCA to PCA ranged between 0.7-4.5 mm. The length from SCA origin to its bifurcation ranged from 6-23 mm. Outer diameter of SCA trunk at its origin varied from 1.2-2.8 mm. The outer diameter of the Basilar Artery (BA) at the basilar apex ranged between 3.2-6 mm.Conclusion:The presence of variations can alter the plan of surgical and radiological procedures. The knowledge of such variations and anomalies along with potential clinical manifestations is of paramount importance primarily for neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists.

ADVANCED RANDOM TIME QUEUE BLOCKING WITH TRAFFIC PREDICTION FOR DEFENSE OF LOW-RATE DOS ATTACKS AGAINST APPLICATION SERVERS

Among many strategies of Denial of Services, low-rate traffic denial-of-service (DoS) attacks are more significant. This strategy denies the services of a network by detection of the vulnerabilities in performance of the application. In this research, an efficient defence methodology is developed against low-rate DoS attack in the application servers. Though, the Improved Random Time Queue Blocking (IRTQB) technique can eliminate the vulnerabilities in the network and also avoiding the attacker from capturing all the server queue positions by defining a spatial similarity metric (SSM). However, the differentiation of the attack requests from the legitimate users’ is not always efficient since only the source IP addresses and the record timestamp are considered in the SSM. It was improved by using Advanced Random Time Queue Blocking (ARTQB) scheme that employed Bandwidth utilization of attacker in IRTQB to detect the DoS attack that normally consumes a huge number of resources of the server. However, this method becomes ineffective when the attack consumes more network traffic. In this paper, an efficient detection technique called Advanced Random Time Queue Blocking with Traffic Prediction (ARTQB-TP) is proposed for defining SSM which contains, Source IP, timestamp, Bandwidth between two requests and the difference between the attack traffic and legitimate traffic. The ARTQB-TP technique is utilized to reduce the attack efficiency in 18 different server configurations which are more vulnerable to the DoS attacks and where the attacks may also have a chance to improve its effectiveness. Experimental results show that the proposed system performs better protection of application servers against the LRDoS attacks by solving its impacts on any kind of server architectures and reduced the attack efficiencies of all the types of attack strategies

Synthesis of Carboxamide and Sulfonyl Carboxamide Linked Azoles Under Green Conditions

Direct coupling of heteroaldehydes with heteroaryl amines/sulfonylamines is performed under green conditions using PEG-400 in the presence of oxidant CCl3CN/H2O2. The presence of electron-withdrawing substituents on heteroaldehydes increased the yield. Further heteroaryl amines favor the reaction when compared with heteroaryl sulfonylamines. © 2020 Author(s).One of the authors G. Lakshmi Teja is indebted to the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi for sanction of UGC-BSR fellowship