Toxic Effects of Different Doses of Cyclophosphamide on Liver and Kidney Tissue in Swiss Albino Mice: A Histopathological Study

BACKGROUND: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an anti- cancer drug, used in chemotherapy. This is a toxic drug which targets the cancer cells and also the normal cells of the body. The original compound is inactive in vitro and exercises its biologic action through metabolites, chiefly phosphoramide mustard. The objective is to study the harmful effects of this drug on liver and kidney tissues.METHODS: To study the effect of cyclophosphamide on histology of liver and kidney, 40 adult male mice were taken and divided into two groups: control and test. Those in the test group were injected with the drug at doses of 100, 200, 250 mg/kg body weight. They were then sacrificed on day 7, 28 and 42. The liver and kidney tissue was processed, sectioned and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin.RESULTS: Pathological changes were seen in the tissue within 7 days in high doses and after 28 days in low doses. As the dosage and the days administered increased, the changes were prominently seen and widespread. Pathology ranging from mild infiltration to necrosis and finally cytolysis were seen in liver and kidney tissue.CONCLUSION: Our study has demonstrated the effect of a progressive increase in dosage of cyclophosphamide in albino mice, and pathological alterations were observed in histology of liver and kidney by sequentially increasing both the dosage and duration of treatment. Subsequently, regular monitoring of liver and kidney function tests in patients undergoing chemotherapeutic regimen with administration of ahepato and nephroprotective agent becomes vital.&nbsp

Morphometry and Relations of the Rectum to the Various Anatomical Landmarks: A Cadaveric Study

Background: The present study aimed to calculate the length of the rectum, its anterior peritoneal reflection and to assess the relations of the rectum to the various anatomical landmarks in cadavers. Also, to observe any gender differences. Material and Methods: The present study was performed on 18 sagittal sections of the pelvis of adult human cadavers. The distances were measured from the anal verge to the midpoint of sacral promontory, anterior peritoneal reflection, S3 vertebra, the tip of the coccyx and the lower border of pubic bone. Results: The level of anterior peritoneal reflections was 7.70±1.15 cm and 7.59±1.69 cm respectively for males and females. There were no statistically significant gender differences. Conclusion: The average length of the rectum did not reveal any significant gender differences. The level of anterior peritoneal reflection for the rectum would aid as a landmark for surgeons operating at this site without exploring the peritoneal cavity

Determination of inter-bronchial and subcarinal angles in fetuses of different gestational age and their clinical implication

Introduction:The tracheo-bronchial angles in the human fetus are of increasing relevance in perinatal medicine to determine both normal and pathological criteria. The present study was undertaken to calculate the inter-bronchial angle using a novel method by an image analyzer at different gestational ages. Materials and Methods:The present study was carried out using 24 human fetuses in the department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. The right and left bronchial, inter-bronchial and subcarinal angles were calculated by using an image analyzer named Image J. Results:The right bronchial angle ranged from 21.99° to 43.96°. The left bronchial angle ranged from 29.48° to 56.21°. The inter-bronchial angle ranged from 60.53° to 100.86°. Student t test was applied to compare the means of bronchial angles between the second and third trimesters which did not show any statistical significance. The subcarinal angle ranged from 41.69° to 74.88° with an average of 61.15 ± 9.73°. Conclusion:The present study analyses the inter-bronchial and subcarinal angles in different GA, the knowledge of which would be essential to understand the developmental changes of the respiratory passages

A cadaveric study of the testicular artery and its clinical significance

Abstract Background Knowledge of testicular artery variations is vital to ensure that they are not neglected during a variety of different operative techniques, since damage can cause testicular atrophy. Objectives The present study was therefore intended to identify variants in the origin and course of the testicular arteries. An attempt was made to classify the arteries based on their various origins. Methods This study examined 42 formalin-fixed cadavers of 40 to 70-year-old adult males. Variant origins of the testicular artery were identified and classified. Variations in the origin and course of the artery were colored, photographed, and documented. The distances between the origins of the testicular arteries and the mid-points of the origins of the renal arteries were measured. Results Testicular arteries were classified into four categories on the basis of origin. This variability was defined in relation to the renal and inferior mesenteric arteries. The mean distance between the origin of the testicular artery and the mid-point of the origin of the renal artery were 3.08 and 3.47 cm, on the right and left sides respectively. Variations were almost exclusively found on the left side. The variations observed included multiple arterial twigs forming the testicular artery, suprarenal arteries arising from the testicular artery, and testicular artery duplication. Conclusion This study provides an insight into variations in the testicular artery and proposes a classification which could help surgeons during a variety of procedures on the male abdomen and pelvis

Nasolacrimal Duct Orifice: A Cadaveric Study in Relation to Important Anatomical Landmarks

The nasolacrimal apparatus is intimately associated with the lateral nasal wall and may be approached using an endoscopic technique. This study was undertaken to describe in detail the gross anatomy of the nasolacrimal duct orifice in relation to various landmarks of the lateral nasal wall to improve the safety and efficiency of endoscopic surgical procedures. The study was conducted on 25 sagittal sections of adult cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. The parameters measured were the distance from nasolacrimal duct orifice (NO) to the anterior end of middle concha (MC), distance from NO to the anterior nasal spine (ANS), distance from NO to the nasal floor (NF), distance from NO to anterior end of the inferior concha (AIC), and distance from NO to posterior end of the inferior concha (PIC). The shape of the NO was also observed and classified as oval, round and slit. The distance from NO to ANS was 2.73± 0.26 cm, the distance from NO to NF was 1.19± 0.34 cm, the distance between NO to MC, NO to AIC and PIC were 2.55 ±0.28 cm, 1.85±0.3 cm and 3.4±0.36 cm respectively. We also observed 3 types of shapes of NO, majority were slit like followed by oval and round. Knowledge of the anatomy of the nasolacrimal apparatus is essential for the surgeon during the performance of endonasal cystorhinostomies and maxillary osteotomies. [Med-Science 2014; 3(2.000): 1241-8

Cadaveric Study on Variations in the Arteries of the Gluteal Region with Its Embryological and Clinical Significance

In this manuscript we report a case study on 40 lower limb specimens. In 5% of cases Inferior Gluteal Artery (IGA) was absent and a branch from trunk of Superior Gluteal Artery (SGA) was replacing the distribution of IGA to gluteal region. In 2.5% of cases an additional belly of piriformis was observed. The deep branch of SGA passed deep to it whereas the superficial branch passed between additional belly and piriformis muscle. In 2.5%of cases an arterial branch from IGA was found accompanying sciatic nerve for a short distance. In the remaining 90% of cases SGA and IGA had normal course and distribution. The developmental and clinical significance of the variations in their anatomy is discussed in this stud

Microscopic Appearance of Human Spleen at Different Gestational Age Groups: A Fetal Histological Study

Purpose: Spleen is concerned with phagocytosis and immune response. Microscopically the spleen has a capsule and parenchyma. The parenchymal tissue of the spleen consists of white pulp and red pulp. The present study is an attempt to reveal the detailed microscopic appearance of spleen in fetuses at various gestational ages. Material and Methods: The present study was carried out on 15 human fetuses) of known gestational age (GA) in the department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. The sections of the spleen were stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin and were observed under light microscope. Results: The microscopic anatomy of the spleen was observed at different gestational age. At first trimester the spleen was covered with a capsule. The lymphoid aggregations were observed throughout the spleen without any well differentiated red pulp. At second trimester the lymphoid aggregations started differentiating around the central arteriole forming the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath by 20 weeks. The red pulp was distinctly observed containing the RBCs and sinusoids and the white pulp containing lymphoid follicles were observed by 23rd week. At third trimester distinct red and white pulp was observed. By 30th week well developed lymphoid follicles with central arteriole were seen. At 36 weeks the central arteriole was seen at the periphery of the lymphoid follicle. Conclusion: A detailed description of the development of parenchymal and vascular components is essential in understanding the normal development of spleen. [Cukurova Med J 2015; 40(1.000): 36-41