Spectral Bandwidth Analysis Of High Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensor Based On Multimode Interference Fiber Device

Fiber optic structures based on multimode interference were investigated to the refractive index (RI) sensing. The proposed device is a singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) structure, where the multimode section is a coreless fiber (MMF). The numerical analyses were carried out by beam propagation and modal expansion methods. Ultra-high sensitivity was obtained: 827 nm/RIU over a RI range of 1.30-1.44 and a maximum sensitivity of 3500 nm/RIU for RI∼1.43, considering △RI = 0.01. The dependence of spectral bandwidth was investigated taking into account the multimode fiber diameter and the coupling efficiency between modes at the input junction singlemode- multimode. © 2012 SPIE.8421Aguilar-Soto, J.G., Antonio-Lopez, J.E., Sanchez-Mondragon, J.J., May-Arrioja, D.A., Fiber optic temperature sensor based on multimode interference effects (2011) Proceedings of XVII Reunión Iberoamericana de Óptica & X Encuentro de Óptica, Láseres y Aplicaciones, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 274, pp. 1-4Nguyen, L.V., Hwang, D., Moon, S., Moon, D.S., Chung, Y., High temperature fiber sensor with high sensitivity based on core diameter mismatch (2008) Optics Express, 16 (15), pp. 11369-11375Hatta, A.M., Rajan, G., Semenova, Y., Farrell, G., SMS fibre structure for temperature measurement using a simple intensity-based interrogation system (2009) Electronics Lett., 45 (21)Silva, S., Pachon, E.G.P., Franco, M.A.R., Hayashi, J.G., Malcata, F.X., Frazão, O., Jorge, P., Cordeiro, C.M.B., Ultra-high sensitivity-temperature fiber sensor based on multimode interference Applied Optics, , accepted to publicationWang, P., Brambilla, G., Ding, M., Semenova, Y., Wu, Q., Farrell, G., Investigation of single-mode-multimode-single-mode and single-mode-tapered-multimode-single-mode fiber structures and their application for refractive index sensing (2011) J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 28 (5), pp. 1180-1186Wu, Q., Semenova, Y., Wang, P., Farrell, G., High sensitivity SMS fiber structure based refractometer-analysis and experiment (2011) Optics Express, 19 (9), pp. 7937-7944Jin, Y.X., Chan, C.C., Zhao, Y., Dong, X.Y., Refractive index measurement by using multimode interference (2011) Proceedings of 21st International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, Proc. of SPIE, 7753, pp. 77535FZhang, C., Li, E., Peng, L.V., Wang, W., A wavelength encoded optical fiber sensor based on multimode interference in a coreless silica fiber (2009) Proceedings of International Conference on Optical Instruments and Technology: Advanced Sensor Technologies and Applications, Proc. SPIE SPIE, 7157, pp. 71570HWang, P., Brambilla, G., Ding, M., Semenova, Y., Wu, Q., Farrell, G., High-sensitivity, evanescent field refractometric sensor based on a tapered, multimode fiber interference (2011) Opt. Lett., 36, pp. 2233-2235Mehta, A., Mohammed, W., Johnson, E.G., Multimode interference-based fiber-optic displacement sensor (2003) IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 15, pp. 1129-1131Hatta, A.M., Semenova, Y., Wu, Q., Farrell, G., Strain sensor based on a pair of single-mode-multimodesingle-mode fiber structures in a ratiometric power measurement scheme (2010) Appl. Opt., 49, pp. 536-541Silva, S., Frazão, O., Viegas, J., Ferreira, L.A., Araújo, F.M., Malcata, F.X., Santos, J.L., Temperature and strain-independent curvature sensor based on a singlemode/multimode fiber optic structure (2011) Meas. Sci. Technol., 22, p. 085201Soldano, L.B., Pennings, E.C.M., Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and applications (1995) J. Lightwave Technol., 13 (4), pp. 615-62

Ultrahigh-sensitivity Temperature Fiber Sensor Based On Multimode Interference

The proposed sensing device relies on the self-imaging effect that occurs in a pure silica multimode fiber (coreless MMF) section of a single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS)-based fiber structure. The influence of the coreless-MMF diameter on the external refractive index (RI) variation permitted the sensing head with the lowest MMF diameter (i.e., 55 7mu;m) to exhibit the maximum sensitivity (2800 nm/RIU). This approach also implied an ultrahigh sensitivity of this fiber device to temperature variations in the liquid RI of 1.43: a maximum sensitivity of-1880 pm/°C was indeed attained. Therefore, the results produced were over 100-fold those of the typical value of approximately 13 pm/°C achieved in air using a similar device. Numerical analysis of an evanescent wave absorption sensor was performed, in order to extend the range of liquids with a detectable RI to above 1.43. The suggested model is an SMS fiber device where a polymer coating, with an RI as low as 1.3, is deposited over the coreless MMF; numerical results are presented pertaining to several polymer thicknesses in terms of external RI variation. © 2012 Optical Society of America.511632363242Kumar, A., Varshney, R.K., Antony, C.S., Sharma, P., Transmission characteristics of SMS fiber optic sensor structures (2003) Opt. Commun., 219, pp. 215-219Wang, Q., Farrell, G., Multimode-fiber-based edge filter for optical wavelength measurement application (2006) Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., 48, pp. 900-902Wang, P., Brambilla, G., Ding, M., Semenova, Y., Wu, Q., Farrell, G., High-sensitivity, evanescent field refractometric sensor based on a tapered, multimode fiber interference (2011) Opt. Lett., 36, pp. 2233-2235Hatta, A.M., Semenova, Y., Wu, Q., Farrell, G., Strain sensor based on a pair of single-mode-multimode-single-mode fiber structures in a ratiometric power measurement scheme (2010) Appl. Opt., 49, pp. 536-541Silva, S., Frazäo, O., Viegas, J., Ferreira, L.A., Araújo, F.M., Malcata, F.X., Santos, J.L., Temperature and strainindependent curvature sensor based on a singlemode/ multimode fiber optic structure (2011) Meas. Sci. Technol., 22, p. 085201Soldano, L.B., Pennings, E.C.M., Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and applications (1995) J. Lightwave Technol., 13, pp. 615-627Mohammed, W.S., Smith, P.W.E., Gu, X., All-fiber multimode interference bandpass filter (2006) Opt. Lett., 31, pp. 2547-2549Antonio-Lopez, J.E., Castillo-Guzman, A., May-Arrioja, D.A., Selvas-Aguilar, R., Wa, P.L., Tunable multimode-interference bandpass fiber filter (2010) Opt. Lett., 35, pp. 324-326Antonio-Lopez, J.E., Sanchez-Mondragon, J.J., Wa, P.L., May-Arrioja, D.A., Fiber-optic sensor for liquid level measurement (2011) Opt. Lett., 36, pp. 3425-3427Wu, Q., Semenova, Y., Wang, P., Hatta, A.M., Farrell, G., Experimental demonstration of a simple displacement sensor based on a bent single-mode-multimode-single-mode fiber structure (2011) Meas. Sci. Technol., 22, p. 025203Wu, Q., Semenova, Y., Wang, P., Farrell, G., High sensitivity SMS fiber structure based refractometer-analysis and experiment (2011) Opt. Express, 19, pp. 7937-7944Aguilar-Soto, J.G., Antonio-Lopez, J.E., Sanchez-Mondragon, J.J., May-Arrioja, D.A., Fiber optic temperature sensor based on multimode interference effects (2011) J. Phys., 274, p. 012011Wang, Q., Farrell, G., Yan, W., Investigation on singlemode-multimode-singlemode fiber structure (2008) J. Lightwave Technol., 26, pp. 512-519Mohammed, W.S., Smith, P.W.E., Gu, X., Wavelength tunable fiber lens based on multimode interference (2004) J. Lightwave Technol., 22, pp. 469-477Mehta, A., Mohammed, W., Johnson, E.G., Multimode interference-based fiber-optic displacement sensor (2003) IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 15, pp. 1129-1131Abbate, G., Bernini, U., Ragozzino, E., Somma, F., The temperature dependence of the refractive index of water (1978) J. Phys. D, 11, pp. 1167-1172Owens, J.C., Optical refractive index of air: Dependence on pressure, temperature and composition (1967) Appl. Opt., 6, pp. 51-59Kawano, K., Kitoh, T., (2001) Introduction to Optical Waveguide Analysis, pp. 165-230. , Wiley Chap. 5Silva, S., Santos, J.L., Malcata, F.X., Kobelke, J., Schuster, K., Frazäo, O., Optical refractometer based on large-core, air-clad photonic crystal fibers (2011) Opt. Lett., 36, pp. 852-854Lee, S.T., Gin, J., Nampoori, V.P.N., Vallabhan, C.P.G., Unnikrishnan, N.V., Radhakrishnan, P., A sensitive fibre optic pH sensor using multiple sol-gel coatings (2001) J. Opt. A, 3, pp. 355-35

Curvature And Temperature Discrimination Using Multimode Interference Fiber Optic Structuresa Proof Of Concept

Singlemode-multimode-singlemode fiber structures (SMS) based on distinct sections of a pure silica multimode fiber (coreless-MMF) with diameters of 125 and 55 μm, were reported for the measurement of curvature and temperature. The sensing concept relies on the multimode interference that occurs in the coreless-MMF section and, in accordance with the length of the MMF section used, two fiber devices were developed: one based on a bandpass filter (self-image effect) and the other on a band-rejection filter. Maximum sensitivities of 64.7 nṁm and 13.08 pm° C could be attained, for curvature and temperature, respectively, using the band-rejection filter with 55 μ m-MMF diameter. A proof of concept was also explored for the simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature by means of the matrix method. © 2012 IEEE.302335693575Soldano, L.B., Pennings, E.C.M., Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and applications (1995) J. Lightw. Technol, 13, pp. 615-627Frazão, O., Silva, S., Viegas, J., Ferreira, L.A., Araújo, F.M., Santos, J.L., Optical fiber refractometry based on multimode interference (2011) Appl. Opt, 50, pp. E184-188Mohammed, W.S., Smith, P.W.E., Gu, X., All-fiber multimode interference bandpass filter (2006) Optics Letters, 31 (17), pp. 2547-2549. , DOI 10.1364/OL.31.002547Biazoli, C.R., Silva, S., Franco, M.A.R., Frazão, O., Cordeiro, C.M.B., Multimode interference tapered fiber refractive index sensors Appl. Opt., , submittedCastillo-Guzman, A., Antonio-Lopez, J.E., Selvas-Aguilar, R., May-Arrioja, D.A., Estudillo-Ayala, J., Wa, P.L., Widely tunable erbium-doped fiber laser based on multimode interference effect (2010) Opt. Exp, 18, pp. 591-597Li, E., Sensitivity-enhanced fiber-optic strain sensor based on interference of higher order modes in circular fibers (2007) IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett, 19, pp. 1266-1268Gao, R.X., Wang, Q., Zhao, F., Meng, B., Qu, S.L., Optimal design and fabrication of SMS fiber temperature sensor for liquid (2010) Opt. Commun, 283, pp. 3149-3152Gong, Y., Zhao, T., Rao, Y., Wu, Y., All-fiber curvature sensor based on multimode interference (2011) IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett, 23, pp. 679-681Silva, S., Pachon, E.G.P., Franco, M.A.R., Hayashi, J.G., Malcata, F.X., Frazão, O., Jorge, P., Cordeiro, C.M.B., Ultra-high temperaturesensitivity sensor based on multimode interference (2012) Appl. Opt, 51, pp. 3236-3242Wu, Q., Semenova, Y., Hatta, A.M., Wang, P., Farrell, G., Singlemode-multimode-singlemode fiber structures for simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature (2011) Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett, 53, pp. 2181-2185Coelho, L., Kobelke, J., Schuster, K., Frazão, O., Multimode interference in outer cladding large-core air-clad photonic crystal fiber (2012) Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett, 54, pp. 1009-1011Silva, S., Frazão, O., Viegas, J., Ferreira, L.A., Araújo, F.M., Malcata, F.X., Santos, J.L., Temperature and strain-independent curvature sensor based on a singlemode/multimode fiber optic structure (2011) Meas. Sci. Technol, 22, p. 085201Jin, W., Michie, W.C., Thursby, G., Konstantaki, M., Culshaw, B., Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature: Error analysis (1997) Optical Engineering, 36 (2), pp. 598-609Okamoto, K., (2006) Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, , NewYork: ElsevierKawano, K., Kitoh, T., (2001) Introduction to Optical Waveguide Analysis, pp. 165-230. , New York: Wiley ch.