Schools out : Adam Smith and pre-disciplinary international political economy

In this article, I argue that invocations of Adam Smith in international political economy (IPE) often reveal the influence therein of a disciplinary ontological disaggregation of economic and non-economic rationality, which I claim is obscured by the tendency to map its complex intellectual contours in terms of competing schools. I trace the origins of the disciplinary characterisation of Smith as the founder of IPE's liberal tradition to invocations of his thought by centrally important figures in the perceived Austrian, Chicago and German historical schools of economics, and reflect upon the significance to IPE of the reiteration of this portrayal by apparent members of its so-called American and British schools. I additionally contrast these interpretations to those put forward by scholars who seek to interpret IPE and Smith's contribution to it in pre-disciplinary terms, which I claim reflects a distinct ontology to that attributed to the British school of IPE with which their work is often associated. I therefore contend that reflection upon invocations of Smith's thought in IPE problematises the longstanding tendency to map its intellectual terrain in terms of competing schools, reveals that the disciplinary ontological consensus that informs this tendency impacts upon articulations of its core concerns and suggests that a pre-disciplinary approach offers an alternative lens through which such concerns might be more effectively framed

Comparação de métodos alternativos para estimar a produção de leite de vacas da raça Gir Comparison of alternative methods to estimate the milk yield of cows from Gyr breed

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar métodos alternativos para estimar a produção de leite de vacas da raça Gir. Um total de 3632 lactações de vacas da raça Gir, no período de 1986 a 1996, foi analisado. Os métodos foram: A - controle na ordenha da manhã realizado nos meses ímpares e o da ordenha da tarde nos meses pares - a produção da ordenha da manhã foi multiplicada pelo fator multiplicativo da manhã (FM), e a da tarde pelo fator multiplicativo da tarde (FT), B e D - controle realizado na ordenha da manhã (em B a produção da manhã foi multiplicada pelo FM e em D produção foi duplicada); C e E - controle realizado na ordenha da tarde (em C produção da tarde foi multiplicada pelo FT e em E foi duplicada). Todos os métodos foram comparados com a produção real (R). O método A mostrou-se mais preciso, sendo a precisão do método C intermediária entre os métodos B e D. Correlações de Pearson entre as produções estimadas pelos diferentes métodos e R, pela produção até 305 dias e pela produção total foram, respectivamente, 0,98; 0,95; e 0,96 para A, 0,97; 0,93; e 0,95 para B, 0,93; 0,90; e 0,89 para C, 0,97; 0,94; e 0,95 para D e 0,93; 0,89; e 0,89 para E. O método A mostrou-se o mais viável para estimar a produção de leite no dia do controle leiteiro, por sua praticidade e precisão, enquanto os metodos C e E foram os piores entre os metodos de controle avaliados.<br>The objective of this work was to compare the alternative methods to estimate the milk yield of cows from Gyr breed. A total of 3,632 lactations from of Gyr breed cows, from 1986 to 1996, were analyzed. The methods were: A - the morning milking control was performed in the odd months and the afternoon milking control in the even months - the yield of the morning milking control was multiplied by the multiplicative factor of the morning (MF) and that of evening by the multiplicative factor of the afternoon (AF), B and D - the control was performed in the morning milking (in B, the yield of the morning milking was multiplied by the MF and in D the yield was multiplied by two); C and E - the control was performed in the evening milking (the yield of the afternoon milking was multiplied by the AF and in E it was multiplied by two). All methods were compared with the actual production (R). The method A showed the most precise, being the precision of method C intermediate between the B and D methods. The Pearson correlation among the estimate yields by the different methods and R, by the production at the 305 days and total production, were, respectively, .98,.95, and .96 for A, .97, .93, and .95 for B, .93, .90, and .89 for C, .97, .94, and .95 for D and .93, .89, .98 for E method. The method A showed the most viable to estimate the milk production in the day of milk production control by its practicability and precision, while the C and E methods were the worst among the evaluated milk control methods