International Control of Illicit Movement of the Cultural Heritage: the 1970 UNESCO Convention and Some Possible Alternatives

The author argues that it is necessary to use international law to prevent the illicit transfer of the cultural heritage of the nations of the world; utilizing the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property; as well as other measures to accomplish this

A Stress Test for German Nationalism:Protective Custody in Alsace-Lorraine during the First World War

When the First World War broke out, the French government declared the return of Alsace-Lorraine its only public war aim, arguing that the population was ‘French in spirit’. In an age rife with claims of national self-determination, trapped in a protracted war of attrition and facing a nationally ambivalent population, the German state soon came under enormous pressure to ensure the loyalty and patriotism of the inhabitants of its western borderland. This article examines why Imperial Germany failed to meet this ‘stress test’. It focuses on the crucial but hitherto neglected issue of protective custody (Schutzhaft), whereby police and military authorities were able to arrest and detain ‘suspect’ civilians without charge or trial. The article finds that protective custody, an emergency measure under martial law, played a central role in the failure of German policy in Alsace-Lorraine: it undermined the rule of law, shifted the focus onto national dissent and gave rise to an atmosphere of suspicion and fear. The article also demonstrates that the Reichstag successfully put limits on protective custody in the second half of the war. Yet leaving the authoritarian doctrine of enforcing national loyalty in place, the more lenient administrative approach had a disintegrative rather than a stabilizing effect, preparing the ground for widespread disaffection with German rule months before the war ended

Pedagogija: umjetnost nošenja s rizikom, a ne njegovog izbjegavanja

Tijekom planiranja odgoja i obrazovanja koje bi se trebalo odvijati negdje između permisivnosti i pretjerane zaštite, moraju se uvažavati prilike koje potiču razvoj

Challenging the German Empire: Strategic nationalism in Alsace-Lorraine in the First World War

This article introduces the concept of ‘strategic nationalism’ to explain the shift of national allegiance of most Alsatians and Lorrainers from Germany to France during the First World War. Combining the historiographical concept of ‘national indifference’ with rational-choice theories of nationalism, the article examines why a growing number of local citizens came to defy the authorities' relentless demand of national loyalty. Contrary to previous studies that emphasize the dictatorial character of the regime and the passivity of local citizens, the article argues that national attitudes were shaped by strategic interests and highly responsive to shifts in state policy, regional circumstances and the course of the war. From mid-1918, it was less escalating state repression or dormant Francophile sympathies, but half-hearted liberalization of policy, the authorities' unfaltering insistence on national loyalty and imminent military and economic collapse that prompted people to see France as an attractive alternative to German rule

Parental Characteristics Related to Specialty Therapy Service Utilization Among Children: A Virginia and National Comparison

Purpose: Identify how parental characteristics impact specialty therapy service utilization among children between the ages of 1-17 from the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). Methods: Data for this study included 50,212 parents from a nationally representative sample and 1,158 parents in the state of Virginia where characteristics were identified that negatively influenced the utilization of specialty therapy services for child. Results: Of 1,158 children between the ages of 1-17 years in Virginia, 9.5% of children needed special therapy such as physical, occupational, or speech therapy. Of those children in need of special therapy services, 3.6% did not receive the necessary health resources. Impacting variables associated with the needed health care not received included, coordination of care among health care providers or services (75%), health care costs (58.3%), difficulties paying for child’s medical bills (88.9%) and complications accumulating necessary specialist care (83.3%). Conclusions: Long-lasting consequences will arise if children are not receiving early intervention specialty services such as educational and employment disadvantages, low socioeconomic status, and poor health outcomes. This analysis suggests public health concerns should be focused on what parental characteristics directly impact specialty therapy services among children and what type(s) of intervention services would promote the uptake of services to improve health outcomes

‘We have to tread warily’:East Pakistan, India and the pitfalls of foreign intervention in the Cold War

This article examines the East Pakistan crisis of 1971 as a watershed moment in Cold War humanitarian politics. It argues that the absence of an effective international framework of multilateral foreign intervention or peacekeeping forced the key external actors to resort to covert forms of intervention, while publicly pledging adherence to non-interference in the domestic affairs of Pakistan. The article demonstrates that covert intervention by India, the United States and the United Nations not only undermined the credibility of the Cold War international system, but also fuelled the drift to the Indo-Pakistani war that ultimately ended the crisis

Dicarboxylic acids, short-chained – Determination of oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid in the workplace air using ion chromatography (IC)

The analytical method described here permits the determination of five linear chain aliphatic dicarboxylic acids with 2 to 6 carbon atoms and terminal carboxy groups occurring as inhalable particles in workplace air. The concentration range covers one tenth up to twice the currently valid Occupational Exposure Limit Value (OELV) in Germany, which is 1 mg/m3 for oxalic acid and 2 mg/m3 for succinic, glutaric and adipic acid (inhalable fraction). The peak limitation with an excursion factor of 2 can also be checked. At the moment, there is no OELV for malonic acid, so the same concentration range has been considered as for oxalic acid. Sampling is performed using a flow-regulated pump to draw a defined volume of air through a glass fibre filter, which is alkaline-impregnated with sodium carbonate and inserted in a GSP sampling system. The volumetric flow rate is 10 l/min. For sampling, 2 hours or 15 minutes can be used. The collected dicarboxylic acid deposited on the filter is extracted by means of an aqueous sodium carbonate/sodium hydroxide solution and analysed by means of ion chromatography using a conductivity detector. Quantitative determination is based on multiple-point calibrations with external standards. For an air sample volume of 1200 litres, the relative limit of quantification (LOQ) is in the range from 0.0002 mg/m3 for oxalic acid and 0.0009 mg/m3 for succinic acid. With LOQs less than 0.0076 mg/m3, the measurement of the short-term exposure limit (STEL) is also enabled with an air sample volume of 150 litres. The recoveries of the five dicarboxylic acids range from 96% to 110% and the expanded uncertainty is less than 29%

Impact of treatment planning target volumen (PTV) size on radiation induced diarrhoea following selenium supplementation in gynecologic radiation oncology - a subgroup analysis of a multicenter, phase III trial

Background: In a previous analysis (Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70:828-835,2010), we assessed whether an adjuvant supplementation with selenium (Se) improves Se status and reduces the radiation-induced side-effects of patients treated by adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for cervical and uterine cancer. Now, a potential relation between the planning target volume (PTV) of the RT and the Se effect concerning radiation induced diarrhoea was evaluated in detail. Methods: Whole blood Se concentrations had been measured in patients with cervical (n=11) and uterine cancer (n=70) after surgical treatment, during, and at the end of RT. Patients with initial Se concentrations of less than 84 μg/l were categorized as Se-deficient and randomized before RT to receive Se (as sodium selenite) per os on the days of RT, or to receive no supplement during RT. Diarrhoea was graded according to the Common Toxicity Criteria system (CTC, Version 2a). The evaluation of the PTV of the RT was ascertained with the help of a specialised computer-assisted treatment planning software used for radiation planning procedure. Results: A total of 81 patients had been randomized for the initial supplementation study, 39 of which received Se [selenium group, SeG] and 42 serving as controls [control group, CG]. Mean Se levels did not differ between SeG and CG upon study initiation, but were significantly higher in the SeG compared to the CG at the end of RT. The actuarial incidence of at least CTC 2 radiation induced diarrhoea in the SeG was 20.5% compared to 44.5% in the CG (p=0.04). The median PTV in both groups was 1302 ml (916–4608). With a PTV of 1302 ml (n=40) the actuarial incidence of at least CTC 2 diarrhoea in the SeG was 19.1% (4 of 21 patients) versus 52.6% (10 of 19 patients) in the CG (p=0.046). Conclusions: Se supplementation during RT was effective to improve blood Se status in Se-deficient cervical and uterine cancer patients, and reduces episodes and severity of RT-induced diarrhoea. This effect was most pronounced and significant in patients with large PTV (> 1302 ml)