L’intégration des peuples autochtones dans les négociations commerciales du Canada

La nouvelle approche inclusive du Canada à l’égard du commerce génère plus de questions que de réponses. Il existe très peu de données quantitatives et qualitatives sur la manière dont participent les peuples autochtones dans les négociations commerciales et sur les résultats que cela a engendrés. Dans ce contexte, ce travail permettra de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement des négociations commerciales du Canada et des obligations nationales et internationales du Canada envers les peuples autochtones. Pour savoir si ces obligations ont été respectées, nous allons analyser les relations et l’inclusion des peuples autochtones de trois accords commerciaux du Canada; l’Accord Canada-États-Unis-Mexique (ACEUM), le partenariat transpacifique global et progressiste (PTPGP) et l’Accord économique et commercial global entre le Canada et l’Union européenne (AECG). L’analyse de plusieurs accords commerciaux permettra de mieux comprendre l’évolution de l’inclusion des peuples autochtones en sol canadien dans les négociations commerciales. En somme, ce travail portera sur la manière dont le gouvernement fédéral du Canada inclut les peuples autochtones dans ces négociations commerciales et s’il respecte ses engagements nationaux et internationaux envers ceux-ci

Lectures de… no 10 : Interprétation et signification à la Renaissance. Le cas du droit (trad. V. Hayaert, Genève, Droz, 2016 ; 1re éd. en anglais, Cambridge, CUP, 1992) de Ian Maclean]

Tome hors-série de la Revue pour l'histoire des facultés de droit, sous la direction de Xavier Prévost, 8 articles, 2022, en ligne : https://univ-droit.fr/docs/contributions/4713464/rhfd-lectures-de-n-10-i-maclean-interpretation-et-signification-a-la-renaissance-ensemble-des-contributions.pdfC’est un lieu commun de la critique moderne que de rappeler qu’il n’y avait aucune théorie générale du langage à la disposition des penseurs de la Renaissance, et que les études de grammaire se confinaient, pour la plupart, à une enquête sur les traits formels de la langue. Aucune communauté ne peut toutefois fonctionner sans partager un minimum de présupposés sur la signification et sa transmission, ce qu’induit la pléthore d’ouvrages qui traitent de l’interprétation à cette époque (commentaires, traductions, paraphrases, éditions, épitomés…). La transmission de la signification était manifestement florissante et donnait tout naturellement lieu à de vifs débats sur l’exactitude de l’interprétation en théologie, en droit, en médecine, en philosophie et au sein des études humanistes. Il fallait faire un choix et ce livre se focalise sur les théories de l’interprétation et de la signification dans la production écrite de la jurisprudence à la Renaissance

Delayed neutrons measurement at the MEGAPIE target

In the framework of the Neutronic and Nuclear Assessment Task Group of the MEGAPIE experiment we measured the delayed neutron (DN) flux at the top of the target. The measurement was proposed mainly for radioprotection purposes since the DN flux at the top of the target has been estimated to be of the same order of magnitude as the prompt neutron flux. Given the strong model-dependence of DN predictions, the measurement of DN contribution to the total neutron activity at the top of the target was thus desired. Moreover, this measurement is complementary to the DN experiments performed at PNPI (Gatchina) on solid lead and bismuth targets. The DN measurement at MEGAPIE was performed during the start-up phase of the target. In this paper we present a detailed description of the experimental setup and some preliminary results on decay spectra.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, Proceedings of International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology (ND 2007), Nice, France, 22-27 Apr 200

Critical clearing time determination and enhancement of grid-forming converters embedding virtual impedance as current limitation algorithm

International audienceThe present paper deals with the post-fault synchronization of a voltage source converter based on the droop control. In case of large disturbances on the grid, the current is limited via current limitation algorithms such as the virtual impedance. During the fault, the power converter internal frequency deviates resulting in a converter angle divergence. Thereby, the system may lose the synchronism after fault clearing and which may lead to instability. Hence, this paper proposes a theoretical approach to explain the dynamic behavior of the grid forming converter subject to a three phase bolted fault. A literal expression of the critical clearing time is defined. Due to the precise analysis of the phenomenon, a simple algorithm can be derived to enhance the transient stability. It is based on adaptive gain included in the droop control. These objectives have been achieved with no external information and without switching from one control to the other. To prove the effectiveness of the developed control, experimental test cases have been performed in different faulted conditions

Intégration massive d'électronique de puissance : synchronisation et stabilité des grands systèmes électriques

Renewable generation is mainly connected through converters. It can provide more and more services to the grid such as voltage support or frequency control. However, these services may not be sufficient for extremely high penetrations. As the share of such generating units is growing rapidly, some synchronous areas could in the future be occasionally operated without synchronous machines. In such conditions, system stability will have to be ensured with the same level of reliability as today. Today, operation of power systems is based on the presence of synchronous machines. Frequency is linked to the balance between consumption and generation of electricity via the rotating masses equation. This will not be inherently valid for grids without synchronous machines. The issue of operating a network with 100 % power electronics is quite well solved for small isolated systems. The same doesn’t apply for large transmission systems where grid topology and power injections are highly variable and are not known at any time by all system components or even by a centralized entity. This paper describes the research that needs to be achieved to remove barriers to high penetrations of converters

Critical clearing time determination and enhancement of grid-forming converters embedding virtual impedance as current limitation algorithm

The present paper deals with the post-fault synchronization of a voltage source converter based on the droop control. In case of large disturbances on the grid, the current is limited via current limitation algorithms such as the virtual impedance. During the fault, the power converter internal frequency deviates resulting in a converter angle divergence. Thereby, the system may lose the synchronism after fault clearing and which may lead to instability. Hence, this paper proposes a theoretical approach to explain the dynamic behavior of the grid forming converter subject to a three phase bolted fault. A literal expression of the critical clearing time is defined. Due to the precise analysis of the phenomenon, a simple algorithm can be derived to enhance the transient stability. It is based on adaptive gain included in the droop control. These objectives have been achieved with no external information and without switching from one control to the other. To prove the effectiveness of the developed control, experimental test cases have been performed in different faulted conditions

Inertia effect and load sharing capability of grid forming converters connected to a transmission grid

The virtual synchronous machine concept (VSM) has been developed initially to reproduce the synchronous machine stabilizing effect by providing inertia with the emulation of swing equation, whereas droop control is developed initially to ensure load sharing and has no inertia. An introduction of a low pass filter to droop control has been motivated to filter the active power measurement and ensures a time decoupling with the inner control loops, whereas, this low-pass filter can also provide inertia to the system. This functionality is limited due to its negative impact on the active power dynamic. This paper proposes an analysis of the conventional droop control by showing its limitations and proposes an improved inertial droop control that allows providing the inertia to the system and ensures a good dynamic behavior of the active power at once in simple manner, and without modifying the load sharing capability. The results obtained are compared to the conventional method (Droop control and VSM) in various topologies in order to show the relevance of the proposed method