Phosphorylated mesoporous carbon as effective catalyst for the selective fructose dehydration to HMF

Phosphorylated mesoporous carbons (PMCs) were investigated as catalysts in the dehydration of fructose to hydroxy methylfurfural (HMF)\u200b. The acidic PMCs show better selectivity to HMF compared to sulfonated carbon catalyst (SC) despite lower activity. The concn. of P-\u200bO groups on the PMC was correlated with the activity\u200b/selectivity of the catalysts; the higher the P-\u200bO concn., the higher the activity. However, the higher the P-\u200bO content, the lower the selectivity to HMF. Indeed, a lower concn. of the P-\u200bO groups minimized the degrdn. of HMF to levulinic acid and the formation of byproducts, such as humines. Stability tests showed that these systems deactivate due to the formation of humines and water insol. byproducts derived from the dehydration of fructose which blocked the catalytically active sites