Ingestão de ração e comportamento de larvas de pacu em resposta a estímulos químicos e visuais Diet ingestion rate and pacu larvae behavior in response to chemical and visual stimuli

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de comparar a influência dos estímulos visual e/ou químico de náuplios de Artemia e de dieta microencapsulada sobre a taxa de ingestão da dieta microencapusulada por larvas de pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial 7 x 4 (estímulos e idades) com duas repetições. Verificou-se efeito da idade das larvas e dos estímulos, mas não houve efeito para a interação idade <FONT FACE=Symbol>&acute;</FONT> estímulos. O estímulo químico da Artemia e ambos os estímulos da Artemia resultaram em maior taxa de ingestão de dieta inerte. Resultado intermediário foi obtido com o estímulo visual da dieta microencapsulada. O estímulo químico, em comparação ao estímulo visual da Artemia, resultou em maiores taxas de ingestão da dieta. Com o aumento da idade, houve incremento na taxa de ingestão. Os estímulos visual e químico dos náuplios e o estímulo visual da ração aumentaram a ingestão de dieta inerte por larvas de pacu. Náuplios de Artemia devem ser oferecidos antes do fornecimento da dieta inerte, pois podem auxiliar no processo de transição alimentar. Os resultados deste trabalho apontaram novas possibilidades de estudos com larvas de peixes neotropicais visando a substituição precoce do alimento vivo para o inerte.<br>The effect of visual, chemical and the combination of both stimuli from Artemia nauplii and from microencapsulated diet on dry diet ingestion by pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus larvae was evaluated in this research. The experiment was analyzed as a 7 x 4 factorial arrangement (seven stimuli and four ages) with two replicates. It was observed effect of larvae age and stimuli, but no interaction (age <FONT FACE=Symbol>&acute;</FONT> stimuli) was observed. The chemical effect from Artemia and both effects from Artemia resulted in higher ingestion rates. An intermediary result was obtained with visual effect from microencapsulated diet. The chemical stimulus from Artemia resulted in higher ingestion rates than that obtained with Artemia visual stimulus. Ingestion rate increased as age increased. Chemical and visual stimuli from nauplii and visual stimuli from diet increased microencapsulated diet ingestion by pacu larvae. Artemia nauplii offered before the artificial diet may assist weaning. These results opens new study possibilities with Neotropical fish larvae precocious weaning

Níveis de cálcio e granulometrias do calcário para frangas de reposição no período de 3 a 12 semanas de idade Calcium levels and particle size of limestone for replacement pullets in the period from 3 to 12 weeks old

Realizou-se um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de cálcio e das granulometrias do calcário na ração sobre os desenvolvimentos corporal e morfométrico do trato digestório de frangas de reposição. Foram utilizadas 1.400 frangas de reposição da linhagem Lohmann LSL, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (níveis de cálcio x granulometrias do calcário), com cinco repetições de 28 e 18 aves por parcela, respectivamente, nos períodos de 3 a 7 e de 8 a 12 semanas de idade. As dietas experimentais, à base de milho, farelo de soja e farelo de trigo (trigo somente na recria), foram formuladas para ser isoprotéicas, isocalóricas e isofosfóricas (fosfato monoamônio). Além da suplementação com minerais, vitaminas e fitase (500 FTU/kg), as dietas foram acrescidas de calcário em granulometrias fina (DGM=0,135 mm) e grossa (DGM=0,899 mm) para apresentar os níveis de 0,60; 0,75; 0,90; 1,05 e 1,20% de cálcio total na dieta. Avaliaram-se o desempenho no período de 3 a 12 semanas, a morfometria do trato digestório e os teores de cinzas e minerais na tíbia de aves de cada parcela. O consumo de ração aumentou de forma linear com a elevação dos níveis de cálcio. Não houve diferenças significativas no ganho de peso, na conversão alimentar, na porcentagem do trato digestório e no comprimento do metatarso. Maiores teores de cinzas foram obtidos em frangas que receberam o nível de 0,60% de Ca e maior comprimento do intestino delgado em aves recebendo a granulometria grossa. O nível de 0,60% de cálcio e o calcário na granulometria grossa (DGM=0,899 mm) foram ideais para o melhor desenvolvimento esquelético, o menor consumo de ração e o maior comprimento do intestino delgado.<br>The effects of feeding different calcium levels and limestone particle sizes on body and morphometric development of the digestive tract in replacement pullets were evaluated in this trial. One thousand and four hundred Lohmann LSL replacement pullets were assigned to a complete randomized design with a 5 x 2 factorial (calcium levels and limestone particle size) and five replicates of 28 and 18 birds/plot, respectively, for the periods from 3 to 7 and from 8 to 12 weeks old. The experimental diets contained: corn, soybean meal and wheat meal (wheat only at growing phase) and were formulated to be isonitrogenous, isoenergetic and isophosphorus (monoammonium phosphorus). Diets were supplemented with minerals, vitamins and phytase (500 FTU/Kg) and added with limestone in fine (DGM = 0.135 mm) and gross (DGM=0.899 mm) particle sizes to meet the levels of 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05 and 1.20% of dietary total calcium. The performance in the period from 3 to 12 weeks, morphometry of the digestive tract and contents of tibia ashes and minerals in animals slaughtered at 12th week old were evaluated. The feed intake increased linearly as the dietary calcium levels increased. No significant differences on weight gain, feed conversion, percentage of digestory tract and metatarsus length were noticed. Better tibia ash content were observed with 0.60% of calcium and a longer length of the small intestine in pullets fed diet with gross particle size of limestone. The diet with calcium level of 0.60% and gross particle size of limestone resulted in better esqueletic development, worse feed intake and larger length of small intestine

Upscaled unstructured computational grids for efficient simulation of flow in fractured porous media

First published online in 2009Discrete fracture modeling (DFM) is currently the most promising approach for modeling of naturally fractured reservoirs and simulation of multiphase fluid flow therein. In contrast with the classical double-porosity/double permeability models, in the DFM approach all the interactions and fluid flow in and between the fractures and within the matrix are modeled in a unified manner, using the same computational grid. There is no need for computing the shape factors, which are crucial to the accuracy of the double-porosity models. We have exploited this concept in order to develop a new method for the generation of unstructured computational grids. In the new approach the geological model (GM) of the reservoir is first generated, using square or cubic grid blocks. The GM is then upscaled using a method based on the multiresolution wavelet transformations that we recently developed. The upscaled grid contains a distribution of the square or cubic blocks of various sizes. A map of the blocks’ centers is then used with an optimized Delauney triangulation method and the advancing-front technique, in order to generate the final unstructured triangulated grid suitable for use in any general reservoir simulator with any number of fluid phases. The new method also includes an algorithm for generating fractures that, contrary to the previous methods, does not require modifying their paths due to the complexities that may arise in spatial distribution of the grid blocks. It also includes an effective partitioning of the simulation domain that results in large savings in the computation times. The speed-up in the computations with the new upscaled unstructured grid is about three orders of magnitude over that for the initial GM. Simulation of waterflooding indicates that the agreement between the results obtained with the GM and the upscaled unstructured grid is excellent. The method is equally applicable to the simulations of multiphase flow in unfractured, but highly heterogeneous, reservoirs.Muhammad Sahimi, R. Darvishi, Manouchehr Haghighi and M. Reza Rasae