80 research outputs found
Partisipasi Masyarakat Sipil dalam Otonomi Daerah Menurut Undang-Undang No. 22 Tahun 1999
Full text linkThe 1999 Regulation Number 22 gives awide opportunity for the local people to participate in the government and development. To make the efforts grow, develop and well adopted the civil society existence is need to articulate them. It could articulate the people interest if it solid a support from the local government and local people
Essays on the political economy of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa
Get PDFFighting HIV/AIDS remains a priority for sub-Saharan Africa, a region which has been the most severely affected by the disease since the beginning of the epidemic. There is well-documented evidence that the main cause of the rapid spread of HIV in this region is high-risk sexual behavior among the general population. Understanding the motives of this behavior has long been an important research area across a wide range of disciplines. This thesis explores further whether the transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with factors deeply rooted in culture, history and geography. First, the thesis provides new evidence that a historical and cultural factor like population genetic diversity can contain the transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. The thesis examines the impact of population genetic diversity on HIV using trade as an external factor, for there is evidence that trade may propagate HIV infections. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, it is found that in countries that are more genetically homogeneous, HIV spreads more easily. The underlying mechanism is genetic and cultural homophily: in societies that are genetically homogeneous, peoples innate preference for partners who are genetically or culturally similar makes forming sexual relationships easier. Genetic and cultural homophily also allows people to trust each other more. Trust in turn is associated with HIV infections as people express their faithfulness towards their partner through trust by ignoring the perceived risk of contracting HIV. Second, the thesis shows that the transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with a geographical feature. The empirical findings suggest that terrain ruggedness, a measure of the uneven topography of an area, has a positive effect on HIV infections. The causal relationship between terrain ruggedness and HIV can be explained by the following mechanisms. First, terrain ruggedness is negatively associated with historical slave trade in Africa. Rough terrain helped protect those being raided and made it hard to transport slaves from one place to another, thus discouraging slave traders. Secondly, the slave trade matters for the spread of HIV through the conduit of trust. Countries that exported many slaves in the past tend to have societies that are less trusting today; and because low trust is associated with low HIV infections, countries that have high terrain ruggedness could have high rates of HIV infections. The approach to exploring the underlying causes of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa this thesis has taken up is to question why the HIV epidemic in this region is so uneven. The findings suggest that factors other than socio-economic characteristics have a causal effect on HIV incidence. The historical, cultural and geographical determinants of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa suggest that some HIV risk factors are not easily in uenced by policies. Moreover, the complexity of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa hints that further investigation of the roots of HIV transmission remains a research area worth exploring.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 201
Irregular Migration from Cambodia: Characteristics, Challenges, and Regulatory Approach
Full text linkThe study examines the characteristics, root causes, and challenges of irregular migration from Cambodia and then discusses the regulatory approaches and policy options to manage it. It employed mixed approaches, including a survey of 507 households in six high-migration villages, focus group discussions with returned and intending migrant workers, and in-depth interviews with government officers, migration experts, and local community chiefs. The study found that irregular migration has been the most popular form among Cambodian workers seeking jobs overseas. The causes of irregular migration are many, ranging from chronic poverty, lack of employment, and economic hardship in community of origin to restrictive immigration policies in labor-receiving countries and lengthy, complex, and expensive legal recruitment. The predominant factor is inability to afford the cost of legal recruitment. Cambodian migrant workers face abusive and exploitative situations, including sexual and physical harassment, debt bondage, and threats of denunciation to the authorities, without access to legal protection. Some are also victims of human trafficking.The findings from the Cambodian case study on irregular migration align with international literature suggesting a combination of at least three sets of measures: addressing the causes, strengthening protection, and enhancing international cooperation. The first two sets have a lot to do with national sovereignty and development priorities involving community development, improving the regulatory framework to make legal migration more transparent and more widely accessible, and enhancing support services of information, consultation, and legal protection. The third set of measures involves bilateral, regional, and international cooperation. Cooperation between Cambodia and labor-receiving countries on regularization or making legal migration more accessible can be part of an effective response to irregular migration. In the long run, irregular migration can be solved through a more integrated labor market in the GMS, supported by subregional regulations and institutions as well as through an ASEAN Economic Community that sets a legal framework for a free flow of labor
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