RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials

Assessment of risk of bias is regarded as an essential component of a systematic review on the effects of an intervention. The most commonly used tool for randomised trials is the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. We updated the tool to respond to developments in understanding how bias arises in randomised trials, and to address user feedback on and limitations of the original tool

The statistical properties of gene-set analysis

The rapid increase in loci discovered in genome-wide association studies has created a need to understand the biological implications of these results. Gene-set analysis provides a means of gaining such understanding, but the statistical properties of gene-set analysis are not well understood, which compromises our ability to interpret its results. In this Analysis article, we provide an extensive statistical evaluation of the core structure that is inherent to all gene- set analyses and we examine current implementations in available tools. We show which factors affect valid and successful detection of gene sets and which provide a solid foundation for performing and interpreting gene-set analysis