Preferable Localization And Different Infestation Levels Of The Horn Fly (haematobia Irritans) On Nelore Bulls [localização Preferencial E índices Diferenciados De Infestação Da Mosca-dos-chifres (haematobia Irritans) Em Bovinos Da Raça Nelore]

Many studies about Haematobia irritans have been made due to the damages and worries it causes to cattle breeding in many countries. The common name of the fly is related to its behavior. In Europe and the United States of America it is named horn-fly because it stays right on the base of the horns in order to protect itself from low temperatures; in Latin America, however, it is known as "mosca-da-paleta" because of its preferred localization on the shoulder of cattle. Biological aspects of the bovines can lead to different levels of fly infestation in the herd. Mean numbers of flies on different anatomic regions and individual infestations were evaluated in 60 Nelore bulls with the same zootechnic features during 1998 in Araçatuba city, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Both sides of the animals were filmed, and the number of flies was recorded in cassette tapes. Fly counts and their delimitation on 15 anatomic regions were performed from film viewing. During rainy days a significant increase (p<0.05) in number of flies in the abdominal region was observed. Shoulders, forelegs, back and ribs showed the highest number of flies (p<0.05). The evaluation of individual infestation revealed less than 50 flies on 50% of the cattle, 50 to 100 flies on 38% and over 100 flies on 12% of them.2212532Barros, A.T.M., Dynamics of Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) infestation on Nelore cattle in the Pantanal, Brazil (2001) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz., 96 (4), pp. 445-450Bianchin, I., Alves, R.G.O., Mosca-dos-chifres: Comportamento e danos em bovinos Nelore (1997) Comunicado Técnico, 55. , Embrapa-CNPGC, Campo Grande, MS. 8 pChamberlain, W.F., Dispersal of horn flies: 3. Effect of environmental factors (1984) Southwest Entomol., 9 (1), pp. 73-78Derouen, S.M., Foil, L.D., Knox, J.W., Turpin, J.M., Horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) control and weight gains of yearling beef cattle (1995) J. Econ. Entomol., 88, pp. 666-668Ernst, C.M., Krafsur, E.S., Horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae): Sampling considerations of host breed and color (1984) Environ. Entomol., 13, pp. 892-894Fava, A.L.B., Souza, A.M., Lomônaco, C., Estrutura etária fisiológica e distribuição espacial de Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) (1994) An. Soc. Entomol. Bras., 23 (1), pp. 63-70Fordyce, G., Howitt, C.J., Horoyd, R.G., O'Rourke, P.K., Entwistle, K.W., The performance of Brahman-Shorthorn and Sahiwal-Shorthorn beef cattle in the dry tropics of Northern Queensland. Scrotal circumference, temperament, ectoparasite resistance, and the genetics of growth and other traits in bulls (1996) Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 36 (1), pp. 1-17Hillerton, J.E., Branley, A.J., Variability between muscidae population of dairy heifers on two different typs of pasture in Southern England (1986) Brit. Vet. J., 142 (2), pp. 155-162Honer, M.R., Bianchin, I., Gomes, A., A mosca-dos-chifres: História, biologia e controle (1991) Documentos, 45. , Embrapa-CNPGC, Campo Grande, MS. 34pLima, L.G.F., Prado, A.P., Perri, S.H.V., Densidade populacional da mosca-dos-chifres (Haematobia irritans irritans) em bovinos da raça Nelore (Bos indicus) no município de Araçatuba, SP (1999) Anais, 11, p. 122. , Seminário Bras. Parasitol. Veterinária, Salvador. ResumoLima, L.G.F., Prado, A.P., Perri, S.H.V., Comparison of two methods (visual estimates and filming) for counts of horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) (2002) Vet. Parasitol., 103 (3), pp. 225-233Macqueen, A., Doube, B.M., Emergence, host-finding and longevity of adult Haematobia irritans exigua de meijere (Diptera: Muscidae) (1988) J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 27, pp. 167-174Morgan, N.O., Autecology of the adult horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) (1964) Ecology, 45 (4), pp. 728-736Popesko, P., (1985) Atlas de Anatomia Topográfica dos Animais Domésticos, 2, p. 12. , Manole, São Paulo(1988) SAS User's Guide: Release 6.03, , Statistical Analysis System Institute, Cary. 1028 pSchreiber, E.T., Campbell, J.B., Horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) distribution on cattle as influenced by host color and time of day (1986) Environ. Entomol., 15 (6), pp. 1307-1309Sereno, F.T.P.S., Pupas de mosca-dos-chifres, Haematobia irritans, em massas fecais de bovinos Nelore no Pantanal (2000) Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 35 (8), pp. 1685-1688Steelman, C.D., Brown A.H., Jr., Gbur, E.E., Tolley, G., Interactive response of the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and selected breeds of beef cattle (1991) J. Econ. Entomol., 84, pp. 1275-1282Steelman, C.D., Gbur, E.E., Tolley, G., Brown A.H., Jr., Individual variation within breeds of beef cattle in resistance to horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) (1993) J. Med. Entomol., 30 (2), pp. 414-420Steelman, C.D., Brow, C.J., McNew, R.W., Gbur, E.E., Brow, M.A., Tolley, G., The effects of selection for size in cattle on horn fly population density (1996) Med. Vet. Entomol., 10, pp. 129-136Tarn, C.Y., Rosenkrans, C.F., Steelman, C.D., Brown, A.H., Johnson, Z.B., Plasma characteristics of beef cattle classified as resistant or susceptible to horn flies (1994) J. Anim. Sci., 72 (4), pp. 886-89

Comparison Of Two Methods (visual Estimates And Filming) For Counts Of Horn Flies (haematobia Irritans Irritans) (l.) (diptera: Muscidae)

Visual estimates are generally used for counts of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.) and play an important role as an instrument to quantify fly populations in scientific studies. In this study, horn fly counts were performed on 30 Nelore steers in the municipality of Araçatuba, SP Brazil, from January to December 1998. Flies were counted weekly by two methods: the estimate method whereby estimates of the number of flies on one side of the animal are obtained by visual observation, and the filming method whereby images of flies from both sides of the animal are recorded with a video camera. The tape was then played on a videotape recorder coupled to a television and the flies were counted on the screen. Both methods showed variations in horn fly population density during the period studied. However, significant differences (p<0.05) were observed between the two methods with the filming method permitting the visualization of a larger number of flies than the estimate method. In addition, the filming method permitted safe and reliable counts hours after the images were taken, with the advantage that the tape can serve as an archive for random re-counts. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.1033227235Ball, S.G., Seasonal abundance during the summer months of some cattle-visiting Muscidae (Diptera) in northeast England (1984) Ecol. Entomol., 9, pp. 1-10Baron, R.W., Lysyk, T.J., Antibody responses in cattle infested with Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) (1995) J. Med. Entomol., 32, pp. 630-635Blume, R.R., Kunz, S.E., Hogan, B.F., Matter, J.J., Biological and ecological investigations of horn flies in central Texas: Influence of other insects in cattle manure (1970) J. Econ. Entomol., 63, pp. 1121-1123Chamberlain, W.F., Dispersal of horn flies. 3. Effect of environmental factors (1984) Southwest. Entomol., 9, pp. 73-78Derouen, S.M., Foil, L.D., Knox, J.W., Turpin, J.M., Horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) control and weight gains of yearling beef cattle (1995) J. Econ. Entomol., 88, pp. 666-668Ernst, C.M., Krafsur, E.S., Horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) sampling considerations of host breed and color (1984) Environ. Entomol., 13, pp. 892-894Guillot, F.S., Miller, J.A., Kunz, S.E., The physiological age of female horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) emigrating from a natural population (1988) J. Econ. Entomol., 81, pp. 555-561Hall, R.D., Doisy, K.E., Walk-through trap for control of horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on pastured cattle (1989) J. Econ. Entomol., 82, pp. 530-534Hillerton, J.E., Bramley, A.J., Variability between Muscidae populations of dairy heifers on two different types of pasture in southern England (1986) Brit. Vet. J., 142, pp. 155-162Jensen, K.M., Jespersen, J.B., Nielsen, B.O., Variation in density of cattle-visiting muscid flies between Danish inland pastures (1993) Med. Vet. Entomol., 7, pp. 17-22Lysyk, T.J., Seasonal abundance of stable flies and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in dairies in Alberta, Canada (1993) J. Med. Entomol., 30, pp. 887-895Lysyk, T.J., Comparison of sample units for estimating population abundance and rates of change of adult horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) (1999) J. Med. Entomol., 37, pp. 299-307Marley, S.E., Lockwood, J.A., Byford, R.L., Luther, D.G., Temporal, climatic, and physiological mediation of dispersal in the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) (1991) Environ. Entomol., 26, pp. 1612-1618Morgan, N.O., Autecology of the adult horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) (1964) Ecology, 4, pp. 728-736Morrison, D.G., Foil, L.D., Effect of horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) control during the spring on calf production by fall-calving beef cows (1995) J. Econ. Entomol., 88, pp. 81-84(1988) SAS User's Guide, Release 6.03, , Statistical Analysis System Institute, Cary, NCSchreiber, E.T., Campbell, J.B., Horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) distribution on cattle as influenced by host color and time of day (1986) Environ. Entomol., 15, pp. 1307-1309Sheppard, D.C., Joyce, J.A., High levels of pyrethroid resistance in horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) selected with cyhalothrin (1992) J. Econ. Entomol., 85, pp. 1587-1593Steelman, C.D., Brown A.H., Jr., Gbur, E.E., Tolley, G., Interactive response of the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and selected breeds of beef cattle (1991) J. Econ. Entomol., 84, pp. 1275-1282Steelman, C.D., Brow, C.J., Mcnew, R.W., Gbur, E.E., Brow, M.A., Tolley, G., The effects of selection for size in cattle on horn fly population density (1996) Med. Vet. Entomol., 10, pp. 129-136Thomas, D.B., Kunz, S.E., Diapause survival of overwintering populations of the horn fly Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), in south central Texas (1986) Environ. Entomol., 15, pp. 44-48Torres, P.R., Cicchino, A.C., Abrahamovich, A.H., Influence of abiotic factors on horn fly (Haematobia irritans irritans L., 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) abundance and the role of native grass as a resting site in NW Santa Fé province (Argentina) (1996) Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., 5, pp. 15-2

Variation In Population Density Of Horn Flies (haematobia Irritans Irritans) (l.) (diptera: Muscidae) In Nellore Cattle (bos Indicus)

The population density of horn flies was evaluated in the year 1998 in the municipality of Araçatuba, São Paulo Brazil, in relation to temperature and rainfall conditions. Two lots of 30 Nellore steers (Bos indicus) were used which had no insecticidal treatment and were naturally infested with horn flies. The infestations were assessed by two counting methods, i.e., the traditional estimate method and the filming method. The highest fly frequencies were recorded in spring, summer, autumn and the lowest frequencies were recorded in winter. The increase in fly number was positively correlated (P<0.05) with rainfall. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1174309314Barros, A.T.M., Dynamics of Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) infestation on Cattle in the Pantanal, Brazil (2001) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz., 96, pp. 445-450Bruce, W.G., The history and biology of the horn fly (Haematobia irritans) (Linnaeus): With comments on control (1964) N. C. Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 157.Chamberlain, W.F., Dispersal of horn flies. 3. Effect of environmental factors (1984) Southwest Entomol., 9, pp. 73-78Cruz-Vazquez, C., Hernândez, J.B., Mendonza, I.V., Parra, M.R., Martinez, M.T.Q., Vazquez, Z.B., Distribuicion anual de Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) en tres establos echuros de Aguas calientes, Mexico (2000) Vet. Mex., 31, pp. 195-199Guglielmone, A.A., Anziani, O.S., Mangold, A.J., Giorgi, R.E., Volpogni, M.M., Flores, S.G., Seazonal variation of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) in a recently infested region of central Argentina (1997) Bull. Entomol. Res., 87, pp. 55-59Guglielmone, A.A., Volpogni, M.M., Quaino, O.R., Anziani, O.S., Mangold, A.J., Long term study of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) seasonal distribution in central Argentina with focus on winter fly abundance (2001) Parasite, 8, pp. 369-373Harris, R.L., Frazar, E.D., Schmidt, C.D., Notes on mating habits of the horn fly (1968) J. Econ. Entomol., 61, pp. 1639-1640Hoelscher, C.E., Combs, R.L.Jr., The horn fly. 1. Seasonal incidence of diapause in Mississippi (1971) J. Econ. Entomol., 64, pp. 256-259Kunz, S.E., Hogan, B.F., Blume, R.R., Eschle, J.L., Some binominal aspects of horn fly population in Central Texas (1972) Environ. Entomol., 1, pp. 565-568Kunz, S.E., Production as affected by seasonal changes in rangeland forage conditions (1980) Southwest Entomol., 5, pp. 80-83Lima, L.G.F., Prado, A.P., Perri, S.H.V., Comparison of two methods (visual estimates and filming) for counts of horn flies (Haematobia irritans irritans) (L.) (Diptera Muscidae) (2002) Vet. Parasitol., 103, pp. 225-233Lysyk, T.J., Effect of larval rearing temperature and maternal photoperiod on diapause in the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) (1992) Environ. Entomol., 21, pp. 1134-1138Lysyk, T.J., Moon, R.D., Diapause, pupation sites and horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) (1994) Can. Entomol., 26, p. 949Morgan, N.O., Autecology of the adult horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) (1964) Ecology, 45, pp. 728-736(1988) SAS User's Guide. Release 6.03, , Statistical Analysis System Institute. Cary, NCThomas, D.B., Kunz, S.E., Effects of season and density on the fecundity and survival of caged population of adults horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) (1985) J. Econ. Entomol., 78, pp. 106-109Torres, P.R., Cicchino, A.C., Abrahamovich, A.H., Influence of abiotic factors on horn fly (Haematobia irritans irritans, L. 1758) (Diptera: Mucidae) abundance and the role of ative grass as a resting site in N.W. Santa Fé province (Argentina) (1996) Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., 5, pp. 15-2