Sequential Allocation and Balancing Prognostic Factors in a Psychiatric Clinical Trial

In controlled clinical trials, each of several prognostic factors should be balanced across the trial arms. Traditional restricted randomization may be proved inadequate especially with small sample sizes. In psychiatric disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), small trials prevail. Therefore, procedures to minimize the chance of imbalance between treatment arms are advisable. This paper describes a minimization procedure specifically designed for a clinical trial that evaluates treatment efficacy for OCD patients. Aitchison's compositional distance was used to calculate vectors for each possibility of allocation in a covariate adaptive method. Two different procedures were designed to allocate patients in small blocks or sequentially one-by-one. Partial results of this allocation procedure as well as simulated ones are shown. In the clinical trial for which this procedure was developed, the balancing between treatment arms was achieved successfully. Simulations of results considering different arrival order of patients showed that most of the patients are allocated in a different treatment arm if arrival order is modified. Results show that a random factor is maintained with the random arrival order of patients. This specific procedure allows the use of a large number of prognostic factors for the allocation decision and was proved adequate for a psychiatric trial design

Oxidation reactions are required to produce atranorin from acetate by alginate-immobilized cells of Cladonia verticillaris.

Atranorin, a p-depside of the b-orcinol series, is produced by several Cladonia species. Immobilized cells of Cladonia verticillaris in calcium alginate are able to produce atranorin when they are supplied with 1.0 mM acetate as a precursor. Production of the depside is enhanced by adding an oxidant agent (NAD+ or FMN) to the incubation media and its secretion to these media is facilitated by permeabilizing the immobilized cells with 2 % iso-propanol

Solid immersion lens at the aplanatic condition for enhancing the spectral bandwidth of a waveguide grating coupler

We report a technique to substantially boost the spectral bandwidth of a conventional waveguide grating coupler by using a solid immersion cylindrical lens at the aplanatic condition to create a highly anamorphic beam and reach a much larger numerical aperture, thus enhancing the spectral bandwidth of a free-space propagating optical beam coupled into a single-mode planar integrated optical waveguide (IOW). Our experimental results show that the broadband IOW spectrometer thus created almost doubles (94% enhancement) the coupled spectral bandwidth of a conventional configuration. To exemplify the benefits made possible by the developed approach, we applied the technique to the broadband spectroscopic characterization of a protein submonolayer; our experimental data confirm the enhanced spectral bandwidth (around 380–nm) and illustrate the potentials of the developed technology. Besides the enhanced bandwidth, the broadband coupler of the single-mode IOW spectrometer described here is more robust and user-friendly than those previously reported in the literature and is expected to have an important impact on spectroscopic studies of surface-adsorbed molecular layers and surface phenomena

Gravitation as Anholonomy

A gravitational field can be seen as the anholonomy of the tetrad fields. This is more explicit in the teleparallel approach, in which the gravitational field-strength is the torsion of the ensuing Weitzenboeck connection. In a tetrad frame, that torsion is just the anholonomy of that frame. The infinitely many tetrad fields taking the Lorentz metric into a given Riemannian metric differ by point-dependent Lorentz transformations. Inertial frames constitute a smaller infinity of them, differing by fixed-point Lorentz transformations. Holonomic tetrads take the Lorentz metric into itself, and correspond to Minkowski flat spacetime. An accelerated frame is necessarily anholonomic and sees the electromagnetic field strength with an additional term.Comment: RevTeX4, 10 pages, no figures. To appear in Gen. Rel. Gra

Instantons and Fluctuations in a Lagrangian Model of Turbulence

We perform a detailed analytical study of the Recent Fluid Deformation (RFD) model for the onset of Lagrangian intermittency, within the context of the Martin-Siggia-Rose-Janssen-de Dominicis (MSRJD) path integral formalism. The model is based, as a key point, upon local closures for the pressure Hessian and the viscous dissipation terms in the stochastic dynamical equations for the velocity gradient tensor. We carry out a power counting hierarchical classification of the several perturbative contributions associated to fluctuations around the instanton-evaluated MSRJD action, along the lines of the cumulant expansion. The most relevant Feynman diagrams are then integrated out into the renormalized effective action, for the computation of velocity gradient probability distribution functions (vgPDFs). While the subleading perturbative corrections do not affect the global shape of the vgPDFs in an appreciable qualitative way, it turns out that they have a significant role in the accurate description of their non-Gaussian cores.Comment: 32 pages, 9 figure

The Onset of Intermittency in Stochastic Burgers Hydrodynamics

We study the onset of intermittency in stochastic Burgers hydrodynamics, as characterized by the statistical behavior of negative velocity gradient fluctuations. The analysis is based on the response functional formalism, where specific velocity configurations - the viscous instantons - are assumed to play a dominant role in modeling the left tails of velocity gradient probability distribution functions. We find, as expected on general grounds, that the field theoretical approach becomes meaningful in practice only if the effects of fluctuations around instantons are taken into account. Working with a systematic cumulant expansion, it turns out that the integration of fluctuations yields, in leading perturbative order, to an effective description of the Burgers stochastic dynamics given by the renormalization of its associated heat kernel propagator and the external force-force correlation function.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

Comparative Enumeration Gene Expression

This paper is about differential gene expression measured by transcript counting methods such as SAGE or MPSS. It introduces two significance tests for detection of differential expressed tags: frequentist and Bayesian. Under the frequentist view, it is proposed a test that computes the critical level as a function of each tag total frequency. Under the Bayesian view the Full Bayesian Significance Test is used considering the logistic normal distribution. The two proposed significance levels, the frequentist and the Bayesian, are compared for a data set with four libraries. The linking function between them is a Beta distribution function with mean 0.39 and standard deviation 0.30