Evaluation of synergistic effect between ethyl formate and phosphine for control of three species Aphids in perishable commodity

Methyl bromide (MB) as a fumigant for Quarantine and Pre-shipment (QPS) could offer eradication of target pests within shorter fumigation period and without phytotoxicity. Therefore, unlike MB alternatives for soil fumigation, there is no ideally MB alternative fumigant for QPS purpose, particularly for perishable commodities. It is critically important that within shorter fumigation time requires killing all target insect pests and without effect of quality and deliver treated fruit and vegetables to the final consumer. Aphids are pests frequently found in imported and exported fruit and vegetables. Aphids was known as quarantine pest hard to control when conduct short period fumigation with phosphine (PH3) and low dose of ethyl formate (EF). Ethyl formate can lead to highly sorption and phytotoxic damage of some perishable commodities such as strawberries and cut flowers, especially at lower temperature (< 8°C). Here, we reported that synergistic effect between ethyl formate and phosphine at lower dosages and temperature. The mixture of ethyl formate and phosphine had synergistic effect to control adult and nymph stages of tested cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and turnip aphid (Lipaphis erysimi). When 0.5 mg/L of PH3 combined with different levels of EF at 5 and 20°C for 2 hours fumigation, there was significantly difference in terms of LCT50% and LCT90% values in comparison with EF or PH3 alone. This new technology could be meet QPS requirement that is shorter exposure time and less damage of perishable commodities

Horava Gravity and Gravitons at a Conformal Point

Recently Horava proposed a renormalizable gravity theory with higher derivatives by abandoning the Lorenz invariance in UV. Here, I study the Horava model at $\lambda=1/3$, where an anisotropic Weyl symmetry exists in the UV limit, in addition to the foliation-preserving diffeomorphism. By considering linear perturbations around Minkowski vacuum, I show that the scalar graviton mode is completely disappeared and only the usual tensor graviton modes remain in the physical spectrum. The existence of the UV conformal symmetry is unique to the theory with the detailed balance and it is quite probable that $\lambda=1/3$ be the UV fixed point. This situation is analogous to $\lambda=1$, which is Lorentz invariant in the IR limit and is believed to be the IR fixed point.Comment: Added comments and references, Accepted in GER

Real Forms of Non-abelian Toda Theories and their W-algebras

We consider real forms of Lie algebras and embeddings of sl(2) which are consistent with the construction of integrable models via Hamiltonian reduction. In other words: we examine possible non-standard reality conditions for non-abelian Toda theories. We point out in particular that the usual restriction to the maximally non-compact form of the algebra is unnecessary, and we show how relaxing this condition can lead to new real forms of the resulting W-algebras. Previous results for abelian Toda theories are recovered as special cases. The construction can be extended straightforwardly to deal with osp(1|2) embeddings in Lie superalgebras. Two examples are worked out in detail, one based on a bosonic Lie algebra, the other based on a Lie superalgebra leading to an action which realizes the N=4 superconformal algebra.Comment: 11 pages, LaTex; minor errors corrected, extra references adde

Unifying inflation with dark energy in modified F(R) Horava-Lifshitz gravity

We study FRW cosmology for a non-linear modified F(R) Horava-Lifshitz gravity which has a viable convenient counterpart. A unified description of early-time inflation and late-time acceleration is possible in this theory, but the cosmological dynamic details are generically different from the ones of the convenient viable F(R) model. Remarkably, for some specific choice of parameters they do coincide. The emergence of finite-time future singularities is investigated in detail. It is shown that these singularities can be cured by adding an extra, higher-derivative term, which turns out to be qualitatively different when compared with the corresponding one of the convenient F(R) theory.Comment: LaTeX 12 pages, typos are correcte

Competing Orders in Coupled Luttinger Liquids

We consider the problem of two coupled Luttinger liquids both at half filling and at low doping levels, to investigate the problem of competing orders in quasi-one-dimensional strongly correlated systems. We use bosonization and renormalization group equations to investigate the phase diagrams, to determine the allowed phases and to establish approximate boundaries among them. Because of the chiral translation and reflection symmetry in the charge mode away from half filling, orders of charge density wave (CDW) and spin-Peierls (SP) diagonal current (DC) and $d$-density wave (DDW) form two doublets and thus can be at most quasi-long range ordered. At half-filling, umklapp terms break this symmetry down to a discrete group and thus Ising-type ordered phases appear as a result of spontaneous breaking of the residual symmetries. Quantum disordered Haldane phases are also found, with finite amplitudes of pairing orders and triplet counterparts of CDW, SP, DC and DDW. Relations with recent numerical results and implications to similar problems in two dimensions are discussed.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables. Revised manuscript; a misprint in Eq. B3 has been corrected. The paper is already in print in PR

Spanning forests and the q-state Potts model in the limit q \to 0

We study the q-state Potts model with nearest-neighbor coupling v=e^{\beta J}-1 in the limit q,v \to 0 with the ratio w = v/q held fixed. Combinatorially, this limit gives rise to the generating polynomial of spanning forests; physically, it provides information about the Potts-model phase diagram in the neighborhood of (q,v) = (0,0). We have studied this model on the square and triangular lattices, using a transfer-matrix approach at both real and complex values of w. For both lattices, we have computed the symbolic transfer matrices for cylindrical strips of widths 2 \le L \le 10, as well as the limiting curves of partition-function zeros in the complex w-plane. For real w, we find two distinct phases separated by a transition point w=w_0, where w_0 = -1/4 (resp. w_0 = -0.1753 \pm 0.0002) for the square (resp. triangular) lattice. For w > w_0 we find a non-critical disordered phase, while for w < w_0 our results are compatible with a massless Berker-Kadanoff phase with conformal charge c = -2 and leading thermal scaling dimension x_{T,1} = 2 (marginal operator). At w = w_0 we find a "first-order critical point": the first derivative of the free energy is discontinuous at w_0, while the correlation length diverges as w \downarrow w_0 (and is infinite at w = w_0). The critical behavior at w = w_0 seems to be the same for both lattices and it differs from that of the Berker-Kadanoff phase: our results suggest that the conformal charge is c = -1, the leading thermal scaling dimension is x_{T,1} = 0, and the critical exponents are \nu = 1/d = 1/2 and \alpha = 1.Comment: 131 pages (LaTeX2e). Includes tex file, three sty files, and 65 Postscript figures. Also included are Mathematica files forests_sq_2-9P.m and forests_tri_2-9P.m. Final journal versio

Horizontal Branch Stars: The Interplay between Observations and Theory, and Insights into the Formation of the Galaxy

We review HB stars in a broad astrophysical context, including both variable and non-variable stars. A reassessment of the Oosterhoff dichotomy is presented, which provides unprecedented detail regarding its origin and systematics. We show that the Oosterhoff dichotomy and the distribution of globular clusters (GCs) in the HB morphology-metallicity plane both exclude, with high statistical significance, the possibility that the Galactic halo may have formed from the accretion of dwarf galaxies resembling present-day Milky Way satellites such as Fornax, Sagittarius, and the LMC. A rediscussion of the second-parameter problem is presented. A technique is proposed to estimate the HB types of extragalactic GCs on the basis of integrated far-UV photometry. The relationship between the absolute V magnitude of the HB at the RR Lyrae level and metallicity, as obtained on the basis of trigonometric parallax measurements for the star RR Lyrae, is also revisited, giving a distance modulus to the LMC of (m-M)_0 = 18.44+/-0.11. RR Lyrae period change rates are studied. Finally, the conductive opacities used in evolutionary calculations of low-mass stars are investigated. [ABRIDGED]Comment: 56 pages, 22 figures. Invited review, to appear in Astrophysics and Space Scienc

On the Degradation of Retained Austenite in Transformation Induced Plasticity Steel

© 2020, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International. A transformation-induced plasticity steel was thermomechanically processed and then transformed to bainite at an isothermal transformation temperature of 723 K for 1800 seconds, which exceeds the time required for completion of the bainite transformation. The formation of lenticular-shaped carbides with a triclinic lattice and internal substructure was found after thermomechanical processing. After 16 years of storage at room temperature, the decomposition of retained austenite into pearlite was observed for the first time at this temperature

Measurement of B(D_s+ -> mu+ nu_mu)/B(D_s+ -> phi mu+ nu_mu) and Determination of the Decay Constant f_{D_s}

We have observed $23.2 \pm 6.0_{-0.9}^{+1.0}$ purely-leptonic decays of $D_s^+ -> \mu^+ \nu_\mu$ from a sample of muonic one prong decay events detected in the emulsion target of Fermilab experiment E653. Using the $D_s^+ -> \phi \mu^+ \nu_\mu$ yield measured previously in this experiment, we obtain $B(D_s^+ --> \mu^+ \nu_\mu) / B(D_s^+ --> \phi \mu^+ \nu_\mu) =0.16 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.03$. In addition, we extract the decay constant $f_{D_s}=194 \pm 35 \pm 20 \pm 14 MeV$.Comment: 15 pages including one figur

Guidelines for chemotherapy of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas

Few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with large numbers of patients have been conducted to date in patients with biliary tract cancer, and standard chemotherapy has not been established yet. In this article we review previous studies and clinical trials regarding chemotherapy for unresectable biliary tract cancer, and we present guidelines for the appropriate use of chemotherapy in patients with biliary tract cancer. According to an RCT comparing chemotherapy and best supportive care for these patients, survival was significantly longer and quality of life was significantly better in the chemotherapy group than in the control group. Thus, chemotherapy for patients with biliary tract cancer seems to be a significant treatment of choice. However, chemotherapy for patients with biliary tract cancer should be indicated for those with unresectable, locally advanced disease or distant metastasis, or for those with recurrence after resection. That is why making the diagnosis of unresectable disease should be done with greatest care. As a rule, pathological diagnosis, including cytology or histopathological diagnosis, is preferable. Chemotherapy is recommended in patients with a good general condition, because in patients with general deterioration, such as those with a performance status of 2 or 3 or those with insufficient biliary decompression, the benefit of chemotherapy is limited. As chemotherapy for unresectable biliary tract cancer, the use of gemcitabine or tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil potassium is recommended. As postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, no effective adjuvant therapy has been established at the present time. It is recommended that further clinical trials, especially large multi-institutional RCTs (phase III studies) using novel agents such as gemcitabine should be performed as soon as possible in order to establish a standard treatment