Track D Social Science, Human Rights and Political Science

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138414/1/jia218442.pd

Determining the Effect of Menu Element Size on Usability of Mobile Applications

As smartphones gain more and more prominence in the life of the public and are increasingly used for daily tasks, the usability of mobile applications accessed through smartphones becomes a growing concern. This two-part study looks at the usability of such applications, focusing on how the size of menu elements affects the usability of mobile applications. In the first study, users were asked to complete an online questionnaire regarding their preferences in relation to smartphone use and mobile applications. In the second study, a non-parametric t-test was used to identify how the size of menu elements affects the usability of mobile applications. Users were asked to complete a specific task navigating two different prototype mobile applications by clicking specific menu options and answering questionnaires to document their experiences. The results of this study found increased element size does increase user preference and overall usability. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

Modified poly(propylene imine) dendrimers as effective transfection agents for catalytic DNA enzymes (DNAzymes)

The major bottleneck in gene therapy remains the issue of delivery. In this work, various modified poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers are introduced as gene transfection agents. Commercially available PPI-dendrimers have been modified (i) at the exterior primary amines with acetyl groups or glycol gallate (PEG-like) groups, and (ii) at the interior tertiary amines with methyl iodide (MeI) or MeCl to produce multiple quaternized cationic sites in the core of the dendrimer. The prepared materials have been tested with respect to their binding capabilities to DNA, their toxicity in cell cultures, their in vitro transfection efficiency and their in vivo delivery possibilities. In all cases, a 33-mer oligonucleotide (DNAzyme) was used. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) studies have demonstrated strong but reversible binding, where the quarternized and higher generation dendrimer species have shown more potent binding. Typically, for the modified fourth PPI-dendrimers, binding is observed at a concentration of about 4 µM DNA and a dendrimer-DNA charge ratio of around 2:1-1:1. All the tested PPI-dendrimers display a low cellular toxicity, especially when higher serum contents are used in the culture medium. For example, most of the prepared fourth generation PPI-dendrimers are not or hardly toxic up to at least 20 µM in 20% serum. An in vitro characterization has revealed a high dendrimer-mediated intracellular uptake of the DNAzyme: all the tested fourth generation PPI-dendrimers display transfection efficiencies close to or exceeding 80%, even when the concentration of serum in the medium is increased from 10 to 40%. Finally, the potential of using modified PPI-dendrimers for in vivo gene therapy experiments is demonstrated. Injecting a G4-PEG(MeI)-ssDNA complex intravenously into Nude mice has resulted in a high nuclear uptake as confirmed by co-localization studies