Simplicity in Visual Representation: A Semiotic Approach

Simplicity, as an ideal in the design of visual representations, has not received systematic attention. High-level guidelines are too general, and low-level guidelines too ad hoc, too numerous, and too often incompatible, to serve in a particular design situation. This paper reviews notions of visual simplicity in the literature within the analytical framework provided by Charles Morris' communication model, specifically, his trichotomy of communication levels—the syntactic, the semantic, and the pragmatic. Simplicity is ultimate ly shown to entail the adjudication of incompatibilities both within, and between, levels.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68281/2/10.1177_105065198700100103.pd

Contribution of ocular B-mode and triplex Doppler in the evaluation of 10 Poodle dogs with cataracts

The findings of b-mode and especially triplex Doppler ocular ultrasound in the evaluation of 10 Poodle dogs with cataracts, which bring a contribution not yet reported in veterinary medicine, were reported. Ten Poodle dogs of varied ages and presenting cataracts were used. All animals were evaluated for ophthalmic and ultrasound examination. The ultrasound examination allowed the evaluation of the sonographic anatomy of the eye and measurement of the axial thickness of the lens (ATL). Using the Doppler mode, the blood flow of the ophthalmic artery and its vascular indexes, systolic velocity (SV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were measured. Values found for ATL were 5.89±1.05 for the right eye (OD) and 6.07±1.32 for the left eye (OS). Values found using Doppler evaluation were SV OD: 26.54±7.05 and SV OS: 29.21±11.18; PI OD: 1.89±0.61 and PI OS: 1.7±0.35; RI OD: 0.76±0.1 and RI OS: 0.72±0.09 (OS). It was concluded that triplex Doppler was important for the determination of vascular indexes of the ophthalmic artery, which can be used for monitoring animals with hemodynamic alterations of the eyes and monitoring the therapy of ocular diseases

Contribution of ocular B-mode and triplex Doppler in the evaluation of 10 Poodle dogs with cataracts Contribuição diagnóstica da ultrassonografia ocular e Doppler Triplex na avaliação de 10 cães Poodle com catarata

The findings of b-mode and especially triplex Doppler ocular ultrasound in the evaluation of 10 Poodle dogs with cataracts, which bring a contribution not yet reported in veterinary medicine, were reported. Ten Poodle dogs of varied ages and presenting cataracts were used. All animals were evaluated for ophthalmic and ultrasound examination. The ultrasound examination allowed the evaluation of the sonographic anatomy of the eye and measurement of the axial thickness of the lens (ATL). Using the Doppler mode, the blood flow of the ophthalmic artery and its vascular indexes, systolic velocity (SV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were measured. Values found for ATL were 5.89±1.05 for the right eye (OD) and 6.07±1.32 for the left eye (OS). Values found using Doppler evaluation were SV OD: 26.54±7.05 and SV OS: 29.21±11.18; PI OD: 1.89±0.61 and PI OS: 1.7±0.35; RI OD: 0.76±0.1 and RI OS: 0.72±0.09 (OS). It was concluded that triplex Doppler was important for the determination of vascular indexes of the ophthalmic artery, which can be used for monitoring animals with hemodynamic alterations of the eyes and monitoring the therapy of ocular diseases.Descreveram-se os achados da ultrassonografia ocular convencional e, principalmente, do modo Doppler Triplex na avaliação de 10 cães da raça Poodle com catarata, contribuindo com parâmetros ainda não relatados em medicina veterinária. Foram utilizados 10 cães de diferentes idades e da raça Poodle, apresentando graus variados de catarata. Os animais foram submetidos ao exame oftalmológico e ultrassonográfico. Por meio da ultrassonografia avaliaram-se a anatomia ultrassonográfica dos bulbos oculares e a espessura axial da lente (EAL). Por meio do modo Doppler verificaram-se o tipo de fluxo sanguíneo da artéria oftálmica e seus índices vasculares, a velocidade sistólica (VS), o índice de resistência (RI) e a pulsatividade (PI). Os valores de EAL para olho direito (OD) foi de 5,89±1,05 e para o olho esquerdo (OE) de 6,07±1,32. Por meio do Doppler, observaram-se VS para OD de 26,54±7,05 e VS para OE de 29,21±11,18; PI para OD de 1,89±0,61 e PI para OE de 1,7±0,35; RI para OD de 0,76±0,1 e PI para OE de 0,72±0,09. Concluiu-se que o modo Doppler Triplex mostrou-se importante para determinação das medidas dos índices vasculares da artéria oftálmica, podendo ser utilizada para o acompanhamento de alterações hemodinâmicas nos olhos dos animais acometidos e no acompanhamento da terapia de doenças oculares

Inactivation of Bmp4 from the Tbx1 Expression Domain Causes Abnormal Pharyngeal Arch Artery and Cardiac Outflow Tract Remodeling

Maldevelopment of outflow tract and aortic arch arteries is among the most common forms of human congenital heart diseases. Both Bmp4 and Tbx1 are known to play critical roles during cardiovascular development. Expression of these two genes partially overlaps in pharyngeal arch areas in mouse embryos. In this study, we applied a conditional gene inactivation approach to test the hypothesis that Bmp4 expressed from the Tbx1 expression domain plays a critical role for normal development of outflow tract and pharyngeal arch arteries. We showed that inactivation of Bmp4 from Tbx1-expressing cells leads to the spectrum of deformities resembling the cardiovascular defects observed in human DiGeorge syndrome patients. Inactivation of Bmp4 from the Tbx1 expression domain did not cause patterning defects, but affected remodeling of outflow tract and pharyngeal arch arteries. Our further examination revealed that Bmp4 is required for normal recruitment/differentiation of smooth muscle cells surrounding the PAA4 and survival of outflow tract cushion mesenchymal cells