Cerebral venous outflow and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics

In this review, the impact of restricted cere- bral venous outflow on the biomechanics of the intracranial fluid system is investigated. The cerebral venous drainage system is often viewed simply as a series of collecting vessels channeling blood back to the heart. However there is growing evidence that it plays an important role in regulating the intracranial fluid system. In particular, there appears to be a link between increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsatility in the Aqueduct of Sylvius and constricted venous outflow. Constricted venous outflow also appears to inhibit absorp- tion of CSF into the superior sagittal sinus. The compliance of the cortical bridging veins appears to be critical to the behaviour of the intracranial fluid system, with abnormalities at this location implicated in normal pressure hydrocephalus. The compliance associated with these vessels appears to be functional in nature and dependent on the free egress of blood out of the cranium via the extracranial venous drainage pathways. Because constrict- ed venous outflow appears to be linked with increased aqueductal CSF pulsatility, it sug- gests that inhibited venous blood outflow may be altering the compliance of the cortical bridging veins

Trade Politics Ain't What It Used to Be: The European Union in the Doha Round

The European Union is a key player in the Doha Development Round of multilateral trade negotiations. This article argues that its negotiating position reflects distinctive patterns of politics underlying three aspects of trade policy - traditional trade policy, commercial policy and social trade policy - characterized by different sets of actors and political dynamics. Although there is significant variation in the substance of the EU's position within each aspect of trade policy, their distinctive patterns of politics help to explain why the EU's negotiating position is most liberal in traditional trade policy and least in social trade policy. Copyright (c) 2007 The Author(s); Journal compilation (c) 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Introduction: The EU in International Trade Negotiations

This special issue presents new research on the EU's role in international trade negotiations. In the introduction, we sketch out the relevance of this topic, introduce some of the core institutional features of trade policy-making in the EU, review the existing literature dealing with the EU in international trade negotiations, and briefly present the contributions included in this issue. Copyright (c) 2007 The Author(s); Journal compilation (c) 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Dumping and Injury Margins in Markets with Horizontal as well as Vertical Product Differentiation

formal and real injury margins, reciprocal dumping, horizontal product differentiation, vertical product differentiation, market integration, F12, F13,