De economische motivaties achter regionale solidariteit

This paper focuses on ihe rationale behind fiscal solidarity. It is argued that, while at the national level the main aim of regional policies is to downsize the cost of labor market policies, the motivation behind EU transfers is less straightforward. Here, regional assistance should rather be seen in the context of sidepayments between governments to reach agreerment on other matters. Yet in order to reduce the possibility of future payments - and thus, institutional sclerosis - these transfers should ideally be growth-inducing.

Small UAS Detect and Avoid Requirements Necessary for Limited Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Operations

Potential small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operational scenarios/use cases and Detect And Avoid (DAA) approaches were collected through a number of industry wide data calls. Every 333 Exemption holder was solicited for this same information. Summary information from more than 5,000 exemption holders is documented, and the information received had varied level of detail but has given relevant experiential information to generalize use cases. A plan was developed and testing completed to assess Radio Line Of Sight (RLOS), a potential key limiting factors for safe BVLOS ops. Details of the equipment used, flight test area, test payload, and fixtures for testing at different altitudes is presented and the resulting comparison of a simplified mathematical model, an online modeling tool, and flight data are provided. An Operational Framework that defines the environment, conditions, constraints, and limitations under which the recommended requirements will enable sUAS operations BVLOS is presented. The framework includes strategies that can build upon Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and industry actions that should result in an increase in BVLOS flights in the near term. Evaluating approaches to sUAS DAA was accomplished through five subtasks: literature review of pilot and ground observer see and avoid performance, survey of DAA criteria and recommended baseline performance, survey of existing/developing DAA technologies and performance, assessment of risks of selected DAA approaches, and flight testing. Pilot and ground observer see and avoid performance were evaluated through a literature review. Development of DAA criteria—the emphasis here being well clear— was accomplished through working with the Science And Research Panel (SARP) and through simulations of manned and unmanned aircraft interactions. Information regarding sUAS DAA approaches was collected through a literature review, requests for information, and direct interactions. These were analyzed through delineation of system type and definition of metrics and metric values. Risks associated with sUAS DAA systems were assessed by focusing on the Safety Risk Management (SRM) pillar of the SMS (Safety Management System) process. This effort (1) identified hazards related to the operation of sUAS in BVLOS, (2) offered a preliminary risk assessment considering existing controls, and (3) recommended additional controls and mitigations to further reduce risk to the lowest practical level. Finally, flight tests were conducted to collect preliminary data regarding well clear and DAA system hazards

How productive are capital investments in Europe?

Economists agree at least on this: it is difficult to find evidence for, or merely to imagine any growth mechanism that does not work through the increase of a stock of capital in one way or another. From a more policy point of view - in particular in terms of the debate of economic development and convergence in standards of living - an important question then is when spending on investment is best done by the government itself, and when public funds should be used to support investment by the private sector. A key concept in this issue is the degree of external benefits, or spillovers, of investment. These notions refer to the fact that sometimes a certain action by an economic agent results indirectly in productivity gains for others that cannot be completely captured by the principal investor in his price setting behaviour

First confirmed case of bovine besnoitiosis in an imported bull in Belgium

Besnoitia besnoiti is a protozoan parasite known to cause important economic losses in the cattle industry in Africa, Asia and the Mediterranean area. In the last years, (re-) emergence of the parasite has been reported in France, Germany, Hungary and Italy with in some cases, establishment of an endemic infection. In this article, the first case of besnoitiosis in Belgium in a Blonde d'Aquitaine bull imported from the south of France is described. Additionally, a brief overview of the epidemiology of the disease is provided