173 research outputs found
Particle Number Fluctuations in the Microcanonical Ensemble
Particle number fluctuations are studied in the microcanonical ensemble. For
the Boltzmann statistics we deduce exact analytical formulae for the
microcanonical partition functions in the case of non-interacting massless
neutral particles and charged particles with zero net charge. The particle
number fluctuations are calculated and we find that in the microcanonical
ensemble they are suppressed in comparison to the fluctuations in the canonical
and grand canonical ensembles. This remains valid in the thermodynamic limit
too, so that the well-known equivalence of all statistical ensembles refers to
average quantities, but does not apply to fluctuations. In the thermodynamic
limit we are able to calculate the particle number fluctuations in the system
of massive bosons and fermions when the exact conservation laws of both the
energy and charge are taken into account.Comment: REVTeX, 17 pages, 9 figures, v3: misprints a correcte
Particle Number Fluctuations in Statistical Model with Exact Charge Conservation Laws
Even though the first momenta i.e. the ensemble average quantities in
canonical ensemble (CE) give the grand canonical (GC) results in large
multiplicity limit, the fluctuations involving second moments do not respect
this asymptotic behaviour. Instead, the asymptotics are strikingly different,
giving a new handle in study of statistical particle number fluctuations in
relativistic nuclear reactions. Here we study the analytical large volume
asymptotics to general case of multispecies hadron gas carrying fixed baryon
number, strangeness and electric charge. By means of Monte Carlo simulations we
have also studied the general multiplicity probability distributions taking
into account the decay chains of resonance states.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures. The report of the talk given in Strangeness in
Quark Matter 2004, Cape Town. Submitted to J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phy
Multiplicity Fluctuations in Hadron-Resonance Gas
The charged hadron multiplicity fluctuations are considered in the canonical
ensemble. The microscopic correlator method is extended to include three
conserved charges: baryon number, electric charge and strangeness. The
analytical formulae are presented that allow to include resonance decay
contributions to correlations and fluctuations. We make the predictions for the
scaled variances of negative, positive and all charged hadrons in the most
central Pb+Pb (Au+Au) collisions for different collision energies from SIS and
AGS to SPS and RHIC.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure
Impact of Industry 4.0 on the economy and production
The difficulties and problems faced by economic entities, countries and regions, in general, on the way to implementing the achievements and developments of Industry 4.0 have been designated in the article. Special attention has been paid to economic and production aspects, as well as changes in the relevant systems in the context of radical technological transformations. In particular, it has been established that markets are becoming oligopolistic, the role and importance of medium and small businesses is significantly increasing, the problems of social inequality and tension in connection with growing unemployment and the need for highly qualified personnel are becoming more acute. In addition, the features of competition for technologies, investments, sales markets, territories of productive forces location have been highlighted. Attention has also been focused on the main “revolutionary” trends in industrial development associated with the launch of the innovation and technological cycle initiated by “Industry 4.0”. Specific actions and measures have been identified to implement these trends into reality
Complex support of technological development of environmentally friendly toilet systems in passenger trains
Ensuring environmental-oriented turnover of fecal waste in passenger transport is necessary for the preservation of ecosystems, public health and sustainable development of transport complexes. The history of Russian railway toilet complexes begins with the launch of the first railway “Petersburg – Tsarskoe Selo” in 1837. In the USSR since 1985 The Ministry of Railways of the USSR thought about the need for experimental design work on the creation of closed systems for collecting sewage for passenger rolling stock. A set of scientific works on the creation of systems and equipment that protect the environment from chemical and biological pollution was presented in the Railway transport program for 1990-2000.The article considers the negative impact of fecal waste on the environment and public health, as well as problems related to the maintenance of environmentally friendly toilet complexes of passenger cars. The main results of technological development of toilet complexes of transport systems have been outlined. The authors note the importance of timely comprehensive support (infrastructure, technical, organizational and economic, regulatory and methodological, personnel, and other) for the technological development of toilet complexes in the transport industry. In particular, the article reviewes some of the current problems of infrastructure, regulatory and methodological, organizational and economic support for the operation and maintenance of environmentally friendly toilet complexes. For the effective functioning of the environmentally friendly toilet complexes system of transport systems, the authors propose to use organizational and methodological tools that will allow you to systematically determine the actual level of technological development of the fecal waste disposal system of the environmentally friendly toilet complexes of passenger trains, to develop directions and measures to improve its environmental and economic efficiency
Classical 5D fields generated by a uniformly accelerated point source
Gauge fields associated with the manifestly covariant dynamics of particles
in spacetime are five-dimensional. In this paper we explore the old
problem of fields generated by a source undergoing hyperbolic motion in this
framework. The 5D fields are computed numerically using absolute time
-retarded Green-functions, and qualitatively compared with Maxwell fields
generated by the same motion. We find that although the zero mode of all fields
coincides with the corresponding Maxwell problem, the non-zero mode should
affect, through the Lorentz force, the observed motion of test particles.Comment: 36 pages, 8 figure
ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ КОМУНІКАТОРИ В МЕДИЦИНІ
Analysis of possible interrelated directions of communicators in emergency and family medicine development and application was performed. According to the first direction the information communicators are intended for supporting alternative communication with people, loosed temporarily or permanently possibility to speak. According to the second direction proposed communicators have databases included detailed information about types of diseases and traumas, and by results of analysis of injured person symptoms or feelings the software subsystem generates some variants of possible diseases or traumas diagnosis.Рассмотрены возможности применения специальных аппаратно-программных средств - информационных коммуникаторов. Проанализированы возможности использования информационных коммуникаторов в медицине при первом контакте врача и больного (предоставление детальной информации о травме или заболевании), особенно в неотложной медицине при общении с больным, потерявшим возможность говорить, или людьми с ограниченными возможностями. Отдельно рассмотрены перспективные направления использования коммуникаторов в семейной медицине, особенно в случае редких заболеваний, поскольку в таких ситуациях врачам часто не хватает опыта и знаний для установления окончательного диагноза. Подчеркивается, что технические требования для поддержки специального программного обеспечения информационного коммуникатора достаточно просты. В большинстве случаев достаточно мобильного планшетного компьютера.Зроблено аналіз перспектив розвитку та використання комунікаторів у невідкладній і сімейній медицині. Показано, що розвиток і використання таких пристро в відбувається у двох взаємопов’язаних напрямах: за першим -підсистема інформаційного комунікатора використовується для забезпечення альтернативного спілкування з людьми, які тимчасово або постійно втратили можливість говорити, за другим - у запропонованій програмній підсистемі створюються бази даних, які містять детальну інформацію про види захворювань і травм, а за результатами аналізу наявних симптомів або відчуттів постраждалого формуються певні варіанти діагнозу можливого захворювання або травми
Revealing three-dimensional structure of individual colloidal crystal grain by coherent x-ray diffractive imaging
We present results of a coherent x-ray diffractive imaging experiment
performed on a single colloidal crystal grain. The full three-dimensional (3D)
reciprocal space map measured by an azimuthal rotational scan contained several
orders of Bragg reflections together with the coherent interference signal
between them. Applying the iterative phase retrieval approach, the 3D structure
of the crystal grain was reconstructed and positions of individual colloidal
particles were resolved. As a result, an exact stacking sequence of hexagonal
close-packed layers including planar and linear defects were identified.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
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