Blood flow rate during orthostatic pressure changes in the pulp skin of the first toe

Objectives:Determination of the local regulation of cutaneous blood flow through nutritive capillaries and through arteriovenous anastomoses of the pulp of the first toe in response to passively induced orthostatic blood pressure changes in normal subjects and in patients with occlusive atherosclerotic disease.Material:Six normal subjects, seven patients with unilateral, crural intermittent claudication and six patients with unilateral, chronic critical ischaemia.Methods:Blood flow rates were measured in supine subjects by the heat washout method (the sum of blood flow rate in arteriovenous anastomoses and blood flow rate in nutritive capillaries) and by the 133Xenon washout method (blood flow rate in nutritive capillaries) after local, atraumatic labelling. Measurements were made with (a) the toe passively elevated to 50 cm above heart level, (b) at heart level and (c) passively lowered to 50 cm below heart level.Results:Autoregulation of nutritive blood flow was present in normal subjects and in claudicants, but the local sympathetic veno-arteriolar axon reflex was absent in both groups. In patients with critical ischaemia blood flow rate was the same in the supine position and during lowering in arteriovenous anastomoses and in nutritive capillaries. The arteriovenous anastomoses had distinct and characteristic reaction patterns in response to lowering in each of the three examined groups and to elevation in normal subjects and in patients with intermittent claudication (not measured in patients with critical ischaemia)Conclusions:The microvascular responses to changes of orthostatic blood pressure differed among the three groups (normal subjects, patients with intermittent claudication, patients with critical chronic leg ischaemia). The heat washout method may be used to detect the functional significance of occlusive atherosclerotic disease

Effects of chicory roots on finishing performance and CLA and fatty acid composition in longissimus muscle of Friesian steers

Low profitability is believed to be the greatest hindrance profitability is believed to be the greatest hindrance for a more extensive use of dairy breed bull calves in for a more extensive use of dairy breed bull calves in organic beef production systems organic beef production systems Among certain consumers, there is an increasing interest Among certain consumers, there is an increasing interest for organic beef production for organic beef production However, there is a need for reliable information about However, there is a need for reliable information about and documentation for production parameters, methods and documentation for production parameters, methods for rearing and housing, feeding strategies etc. to be able for rearing and housing, feeding strategies etc. to be able to increase the consumption of beef meat based on dairy to increase the consumption of beef meat based on dairy calves in Denmark calves in Denmark. Specifically, we believe there will be increased focus on Specifically, we believe there will be increased focus on improving animal health and welfare and product quality in improving animal health and welfare and product quality in the steer production systems the steer production systems There will also be a wish from the society and EU to use There will also be a wish from the society and EU to use and preserve the biodiversity of the marginal grazing and preserve the biodiversity of the marginal grazing areas areas The project reported here arises from a larger project The project reported here arises from a larger project investigating the effects of grazing system (set investigating the effects of grazing system (set stocking vs. two stocking vs. two-paddock rotation) for steers and the paddock rotation) for steers and the use of bioactive crops (especially chicory) use of bioactive crops (especially chicory). Chicory is used because of the possible positive Chicory is used because of the possible positive influence on animal health, i.e., parasite control, meat influence on animal health, i.e., parasite control, meat quality and sensory quality of meat from both steers quality and sensory quality of meat from both steers and pigs (including CLA content, selenium and and pigs (including CLA content, selenium and antioxidative antioxidative status, drip loss and boar status, drip loss and boar taint/ taint/androstenone androstenone levels) levels). The overall objective of the entire project was to The overall objective of the entire project was to develop production methods/strategies that could develop production methods/strategies that could improve the quality aspects of organic meat improve the quality aspects of organic meat

Diverse and Active Roles for Adipocytes During Mammary Gland Growth and Function

The mammary gland is unique in its requirement to develop in close association with a depot of adipose tissue that is commonly referred to as the mammary fat pad. As discussed throughout this issue, the mammary fat pad represents a complex stromal microenvironment that includes a variety of cell types. In this article we focus on adipocytes as local regulators of epithelial cell growth and their function during lactation. Several important considerations arise from such a discussion. There is a clear and close interrelationship between different stromal tissue types within the mammary fat pad and its adipocytes. Furthermore, these relationships are both stage- and species-dependent, although many questions remain unanswered regarding their roles in these different states. Several lines of evidence also suggest that adipocytes within the mammary fat pad may function differently from those in other fat depots. Finally, past and future technologies present a variety of opportunities to model these complexities in order to more precisely delineate the many potential functions of adipocytes within the mammary glands. A thorough understanding of the role for this cell type in the mammary glands could present numerous opportunities to modify both breast cancer risk and lactation performance