Combinatorial efficacy of Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens to enhance suppression of cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Fusarium wilt of Arachis hypogaea.L

Fusarium oxysporum, the soil borne pathogen causes vascular wilt, on majority of crop plants. It has been demonstrated that two different species of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas fluorescens suppress disease by different mechanisms. Therefore, application of a mixture of these biocontrol agents, and thus of several suppressive mechanisms, may represent a viable control strategy. A necessity for biocontrol by combinations of biocontrol agents can be the compatibility of the co-inoculated micro-organisms. Hence, compatibility between Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens that have the ability to suppress Fusarium oxysporum in vitro on the activity of pectinolytic enzymes of Fusarium oxysporum. The activity of pectinolytic enzymes, i.e. pectin methyl esterase, endo and exo polymethylgalacturonases and exo and endo pectin trans eliminases produced by Fusarium oxysporum (Control) was higher. Maximum inhibition of pectin methylesterase, exo and endo polymethylgalacturonase and exo and endopectin trans eliminase was shown by culture filtrate of Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescens (Tv+Pf) (1+2%), followed by Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens, (Th +Pf) (1.5+2%) and Trichoderma viride + Trichoderma harzianum (Tv+Th) (1+1.5%). However, pathogenecity suppression of Fusarium oxysporum, a causative of Arachis hypogaea. L by the compatible combination of Trichodema viride + Pseudomonas fluorescens (1+2%) was significantly better as compared to the single bio-agent. This indicates that specific interactions between biocontrol agents influence suppression of pathogenicity factors directly by combinations of these compatible bio-agents.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 7 (2): 36-42, December, 201

A Modified Frame Difference Method Using Correlation Coefficient for Background Subtraction

AbstractBackground subtraction is one of the most important step in video surveillance which is used in a number of real life applications such as surveillance, human machine interaction, optical motion capture and intelligent visual observation of animals, insects. Background subtraction is one of the preliminary stages which are used to differentiate the foreground objects from the relatively stationary background. Normally a pixel is considered as foreground if its value is greater than its value in the reference image. Hence, every pixel has to be compared to find the foreground and background pixel. This paper presents a technique which improves the frame difference method by first classifying the blocks in the frame as background and others using correlation coefficient. Further refinement is performed by performing pixel-level classification on blocks which are not considered as background. Experiments are conducted on standard data-sets and the performance measures shows good results in some critical conditions

Energy Efficient unauthorized Intrusion Detection in mobile Ad-Hoc Neworks

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) are self-configuring, infrastructure-less, dynamic wireless networks in which the nodes are resource constrained. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are used in MANETs to monitor activities so as to detect any intrusion in the network. The proposed system present efficient scheme for analyzing and optimizing the time duration for which the intrusion detection systems need to remain active in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network. A probabilistic model is proposed that makes use of cooperation between IDSs among neighborhood nodes to reduce their individual active time. Usually, an IDS has to run all the time on every node to oversee the network behavior. This can turn out to be a costly overhead for a battery-powered mobile device in terms of power and computational resources. Hence, this project aim is to reduce the duration of active time of the IDSs without compromising on their effectiveness. To validate this proposed approach, it models the interactions between IDSs as a multi-player cooperative game in which the players have partially cooperative and partially conflicting goals

1-Benzyl-3,5-bis­[(E)-3-thienyl­methyl­idene]piperidin-4-one

In the title mol­ecule, C22H19NOS2, the piperidine ring adopts an envelope conformation with the benzyl substituent in an equatorial position. Each of the olefinic double bonds has an E configuration. The dihedral angle between the two thio­phene rings is 1.55 (18)°. The thio­phene rings form angles of 72.21 (14) and 73.43 (14)° with the phenyl ring. Both thio­phene rings are disordered over two orientations [occupancy ratios of 0.799 (1):0.201 (1)] at 180° from one another. In the crystal, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions help to stabilize the packing

Genetic transformation of cry1EC gene into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) for resistance against Spodoptera litura

Cotton is the chief fibre crop of global importance. It plays a significant role in the national economy. Cotton crop is vulnerable to a number of insect species, especially to the larvae of lepidopteron pests. 60% insecticides sprayed on cotton are meant to control the damage caused by bollworm complex. Transgenic technology has become a popular option for the development of bollworm resistant cotton. Spodoptera litura is one of the notorious emerging pests in cotton. Introduction of cry1EC gene into commercial variety have very significant importance. This research work was carried out to transform chimeric δ-endotoxin Cry1EC into cotton. The tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) is a polyphagous foliage insect which is susceptible to the chimeric δ-endotoxin Cry1EC. Six month-old highly friable embryogenic calli derived from cotyledonary explants of Coker 310 were used for transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring plasmid pBI101.1 carrying the marker gene neomycin phosphotransferase II (npt II) and a synthetic cry 1EC gene under a constitutive 35 S promoter. Agrobacterium treated calli were selected on MS medium containing, 50 mg/L kanamycin, 500 mg/L cefotaxime, 30 g/L maltose and 0.4% phytagel. Embryos developed on kanamycin resistant calli were maintained on the same medium till somatic embryos matured. The cotyledonary stage embryos (3 to 5 mm size) were germinated on MS basal slat with 0.1 mg/L GA3 + 1.0 mg/L IAA, 30 g/L sucrose and solidified with 0.4% phytagel. The regenerated putative transgenic plants were hardened and transferred to the transgenic green house. Transgenic plants were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 800 bp npt II fragment, and 578 bp amplification of cry1Ec gene. Transgenic plant with single copy insertion of cry1EC was selected in T0 by southern blot hybridization. Insect bioassay using Spodoptera litura larvae of first instar stages on T0 plants showed 70% mortality. Not much data has been published on the toxicity of the endotoxins to S. litura, which is a common pest in warm and humid climates. Efforts are aimed at recovering more efficient transgenic plants through efficient transformation system and developing high resistant transgenic cotton against S. litura and will paved a way for promising future in cotton production.Keywords: Agrobacterium transformation, cry 1EC, molecular analysis, insect bioassayAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(15), pp. 1820-182

Socio-economic impact of parental tuberculosis on children

The impact of parental pulmonary tuberculosis on children was studied from a larger study of socioeconomic effects of the disease. The effect in children was studied in respect of 1) social, economic and demogaphic characteristics of the parents (who were patients), 2) the child care functions of mothers who were patients and 3) effect on children's education. In all. 276 children of 167 tuberculous parents were studied The socio-eeonomic and demographic characteristics were generally the same as are cornmonly seen. The child caring on the part of mothers fell from 64% to 35% for rural females and from 74% to 33% for urban females; 11% of children (8% rural, 13% urban) dropped out of school, significantly higher in famlies with 5 or more members and children living with both parents compared to single parent; 34% of study parents could not buy school books or adequate food because of loss of income and 20% of the children were obliged to take up jobs in order to supplement income

A double-blind study of oral salbutamol supplement and repeat sputum smear microscopy in enhancing diagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis in south India

Background: As routine culture facilities are not available in TB control programme in low income countries like India, there is an urgent need to improve the sensitivity of sputum microscopy, especially in diagnosis of smear negative pulmonary TB. Methodology: In a double blind placebo controlled study, the role of repeat sputum microscopy after antibiotics and oral salbutamol supplement in improving the diagnosis of smear negative TB suspects was investigated in an urban TB clinic. We undertook culture examinations for all study patients to find out proportions of TB cases in this series. Results: Of 206 enrolled, (101 salbutamol (S), 105 placebo (P) groups) 26 were positive by repeat sputum smear examination; similar in two groups (S 16, P 10, p = 0.25). In all, 40 (S 23, P 17) including 26 smear- positives, were culture -positive for M. tuberculosis. Conclusions: Two thirds of initially smear negative but culture positive TB patients were smear positive on repeat sputum examination. Thus, repeat sputum smear microscopy for TB suspects improved the diagnosis, nevertheless oral salbutamol therapy was not beneficial. In resource poor settings, repeat sputum smear microscopy after a trial of antibiotics, could significantly improve the diagnosis of smear-negative PTB patients

Elevated percentage of perforin positive cells in active pulmonary tuberculosis

Background & objectives: Perforin is one of the major effector molecules of cytotoxic cells associated with killing of cells harbouring intracellular bacterial infection. The precise role of perforin positive cells in tuberculosis still remains controversial. The present study was done to determine the number of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ perforin positive cells to assess the level of cytotoxic response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: Intracellular perforin and surface CD4 and CD8 staining of peripheral blood lymphocytes was done using specific monoclonal antibodies and enumerated using flowcytometry. Results: A significantly decreased total lymphocytes (P<0.01), CD4 (P<0.001) and CD8 (P<0.01) lymphocyte counts in PTB patients was observed compared to normal healthy individuals (NHS). Intracellular perforin staining showed significantly elevated percentages of total (P<0.05) and CD8 (P<0.01) perforin positive cells in PTB patients compared to NHS. However, the absolute counts of total, CD4 and CD8 cells positive for perforin were similar in patients and NHS. Interpretation & conclusion: Our results suggest that during active stage of pulmonary tuberculosis there was an increased percentage of CD8 cells positive for perforin, irrespective of their absolute counts. Further, CD8+ perforin positive cells ma

Design And Analysis Of Earthquake Resistance Building On Ground Surface By Using E Tabs Software

In the here and now research to locate the effect of level as well as sloping ground on building efficiency ground inclines of 00 as well as 100 are taken into consideration in modeling of structures of elevation G +15 RCC structures having product buildings M40 quality for concrete and Fe500 for strengthening steel and also frameworks measurements are length = 6x10= 60m, width = 6x5 = 30m and heights of G +15 is 48m from the plinth degree, the support problems are chosen to be fixed base and also foundation deepness is thought about as 2m below the ground level structures are modeled making use of ETABS in seismic zones II, III, IV, V according to IS 1893-2002 approaches used for seismic load generation are Straight fixed analysis, Action spectrum analysis as well as Time background analysis. The results are received terms of graphs as well as tables

Intracellular granzyme A expression of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in pulmonary tuberculosis

Cell-mediated immunity is a key weapon of host defence against tuberculosis (TB). Granzyme A (GzmA), a serine protease, present in the granules of cytotoxic cells induces caspase-independent cell death. We estimated the proportion of GzmA producing lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood from 59 normal healthy volunteers and 48 pulmonary TB (PTB) patients using flow cytometry. When compared with normal healthy subjects, we observed a significantly higher percentage of GzmA-positive CD56+ cells (P = 0.01) in PTB patients. However, when the absolute number was compared between the two groups, a significantly decreased number of GzmA-expressing CD16+ (P = 0.01) and CD56+ (P = 0.0001) cells was observed in patients and this could be explained by the significantly reduced number of total lymphocytes (P = 0.0009) seen in the patients. There was no significant difference in the number of CD4+ and CD8+ GzmA double-positive cells between the two study groups. CD56 is a natural killer cell marker and these cells represent innate immune response to TB. We report an increased percentage of CD56+ cells expressing GzmA in TB patients, which shows the relevance of the GzmA-mediated pathway of apoptosis in immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis