Theory of charge density wave depinning by electromechanical effect

We discuss the first theory for the depinning of low dimensional, incommensurate, charge density waves (CDWs) in the strong electron-phonon (e-p) regime. Arguing that most real CDWs systems invariably develop a gigantic dielectric constant (GDC) at very low frequencies, we propose an electromechanical mechanism which is based on a local field effect. At zero electric field and large enough e-p coupling the structures are naturally pinned by the lattice due to its discreteness, and develop modulation functions which are characterized by discontinuities. When the electric field is turned on, we show that it exists a finite threshold value for the electric field above which the discontinuities of the modulation functions vanish due to CDW deformation. The CDW is then free to move. The signature of this pinning/depinning transition as a function of the increasing electric field can be directly observed in the phonon spectrum by using inelastic neutrons or X-rays experiments.Comment: 4 figures, submitte

Polaron Dissociation at the Insulator-to-Metal Transition

Considering the long range Coulomb interactions between large polarons in dielectrics, we propose a model for their crystallization when no bipolarons are formed. As the density increases, the melting is examined at $T=OK$. One possibility is the delocalization towards a liquid state of polarons. However, we show that this cannot happen if the electron-phonon coupling is larger than some critical value. The other competing mechanism is the dissociation of the polarons themselves, favored owing to their large mass at strong coupling. Finally, we propose a phase diagram for the insulator-to metal transition as a function of the density and electron-phonon coupling.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, to be published Mod. Phys. Lett. B; added 1 figure, references and minor change

Stellar Lyman-alpha Emission Lines in the Hubble Space Telescope Archive: Intrinsic Line Fluxes and Absorption from the Heliosphere and Astrospheres

We search the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) archive for previously unanalyzed observations of stellar H I Lyman-alpha emission lines, our primary purpose being to look for new detections of Lyman-alpha absorption from the outer heliosphere, and to also search for analogous absorption from the astrospheres surrounding the observed stars. The astrospheric absorption is of particular interest because it can be used to study solar-like stellar winds that are otherwise undetectable. We find and analyze 33 HST Lyman-alpha spectra in the archive. All the spectra were taken with the E140M grating of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) instrument on board HST. The HST/STIS spectra yield 4 new detections of heliospheric absorption (70 Oph, Xi Boo, 61 Vir, and HD 165185) and 7 new detections of astrospheric absorption (EV Lac, 70 Oph, Xi Boo, 61 Vir, Delta Eri, HD 128987, and DK UMa), doubling the previous number of heliospheric and astrospheric detections. When combined with previous results, 10 of 17 lines of sight within 10 pc yield detections of astrospheric absorption. This high detection fraction implies that most of the ISM within 10 pc must be at least partially neutral, since the presence of H I within the ISM surrounding the observed star is necessary for an astrospheric detection. In contrast, the detection percentage is only 9.7% (3 out of 31) for stars beyond 10 pc. Our Lyman-alpha analyses provide measurements of ISM H I and D I column densities for all 33 lines of sight, and we discuss some implications of these results. Finally, we measure chromospheric Lyman-alpha fluxes from the observed stars. We use these fluxes to determine how Lyman-alpha flux correlates with coronal X-ray and chromospheric Mg II emission, and we also study how Lyman-alpha emission depends on stellar rotation.Comment: 56 pages, 15 figures; AASTEX v5.0 plus EPSF extensions in mkfig.sty; accepted by ApJ

The Distribution of Pressures in a Supernova-Driven Interstellar Medium. I. Magnetized Medium

Observations have suggested substantial departures from pressure equilibrium in the interstellar medium (ISM) in the plane of the Galaxy, even on scales under 50 pc. Nevertheless, multi-phase models of the ISM assume at least locally isobaric gas. The pressure then determines the density reached by gas cooling to stable thermal equilibrium. We use numerical models of the magnetized ISM to examine the consequences of supernova driving for interstellar pressures. In this paper we examine a (200 pc)^3 periodic domain threaded by magnetic fields. Individual parcels of gas at different pressures reach widely varying points on the thermal equilibrium curve: no unique set of phases is found, but rather a dynamically-determined continuum of densities and temperatures. A substantial fraction of the gas remains entirely out of thermal equilibrium. Our results appear consistent with observations of interstellar pressures. They also suggest that the high pressures observed in molecular clouds may be due to ram pressures in addition to gravitational forces. Much of the gas in our model lies far from equipartition between thermal and magnetic pressures, with ratios ranging from 0.1 to $10^4$ and ratios of uniform to fluctuating magnetic field of 0.5--1. Our models show broad pressure probability distribution functions with log-normal functional forms produced by both shocks and rarefaction waves, rather than power-law distributions produced by isolated supernova remnants. The width of the distribution can be described quantitatively by a formula derived from the work of Padoan, Nordlund, & Jones (1997).Comment: Revised version submitted to ApJ, 10 figures, 6 color. Minor revisions onl

Optical conductivity of the nonsuperconducting cuprate La(8-x)Sr(x)Cu(8)O(20)

La(8-x)Sr(x)Cu(8)O(20) is a non-superconducting cuprate, which exhibits a doubling of the elementary cell along the c axis. Its optical conductivity sigma (omega) has been first measured here, down to 20 K, in two single crystals with x = 1.56 and x = 2.24. Along c, sigma (omega) shows, in both samples, bands due to strongly bound charges, thus confirming that the cell doubling is due to charge ordering. In the ab plane, in addition to the Drude term one observes an infrared peak at 0.1 eV and a midinfrared band at 0.7 eV. The 0.1 eV peak hardens considerably below 200 K, in correspondence of an anomalous increase in the sample dc resistivity, in agreement with its polaronic origin. This study allows one to establish relevant similarities and differences with respect to the spectrum of the ab plane of the superconducting cuprates.Comment: Revised version submitted to Phys. Rev. B, including the elimination of Fig. 1 and changes to Figs. 4 and

The Local Bubble, Local Fluff, and Heliosphere

The properties of the Local Bubble, Local Fluff complex of nearby interstellar clouds, and the heliosphere are mutually constrained by data and theory. Observations and models of the diffuse radiation field, interstellar ionization, pick-up ion and anomalous cosmic-ray populations, and interstellar dust link the physics of these regions. The differences between the one-asymmetric-superbubble and two-superbubble views of the Local Bubble are discussed.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

Lavoisier: A Low Altitude Balloon Network for Probing the Deep Atmosphere and Surface of Venus

The in-situ exploration of the low atmosphere and surface of Venus is clearly the next step of Venus exploration. Understanding the geochemistry of the low atmosphere, interacting with rocks, and the way the integrated Venus system evolved, under the combined effects of inner planet cooling and intense atmospheric greenhouse, is a major challenge of modern planetology. Due to the dense atmosphere (95 bars at the surface), balloon platforms offer an interesting means to transport and land in-situ measurement instruments. Due to the large Archimede force, a 2 cubic meter He-pressurized balloon floating at 10 km altitude may carry up to 60 kg of payload. LAVOISIER is a project submitted to ESA in 2000, in the follow up and spirit of the balloon deployed at cloud level by the Russian Vega mission in 1986. It is composed of a descent probe, for detailed noble gas and atmosphere composition analysis, and of a network of 3 balloons for geochemical and geophysical investigations at local, regional and global scales

Interstellar Matter and the Boundary Conditions of the Heliosphere

The interstellar cloud surrounding the solar system regulates the galactic environment of the Sun, and determines the boundary conditions of the heliosphere. Both the Sun and interstellar clouds move through space, so these boundary conditions change with time. Data and theoretical models now support densities in the cloud surrounding the solar system of n(HI)=0.22+/-0.06 cm^-3, and n(e-)~0.1 cm-3, with larger values allowed for n(HI) by radiative transfer considerations. Ulysses and Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer satellite HeI data yield a cloud temperature of 6,400 K. Nearby interstellar gas appears to be structured and inhomogeneous. The interstellar gas in the Local Fluff cloud complex exhibits elemental abundance patterns in which refractory elements are enhanced over the depleted abundances found in cold disk gas. Within a few parsecs of the Sun, inconclusive evidence for factors of 2--5 variation in MgII and FeII gas phase abundances is found, providing evidence for variable grain destruction. Observations of the hydrogen pile-up at the nose of the heliosphere are consistent with a barely subsonic motion of the heliosphere with respect to the surrounding interstellar cloud. Uncertainties on the velocity vector of the cloud that surrounds the solar system indicate that it is uncertain as to whether the Sun and alpha Cen are or are not immersed in the same interstellar cloud.Comment: 24 pages 3 figure