A critical assessment of the standard molar gibbs free energy of formation of NiWO4

Three independent studies have been reported on the free energy of formation of NiWO4. Results of these measurements are analyzed by the �third-law� method, using thermal functions for NiWO4 derived from both low and high temperature heat capacity measurements. Values for the standard molar enthalpy of formation of NiWO4 at 298·15 K obtained from �third-law� analysis are compared with direct calorimetric determinations. Only one set of free energy measurements is found to be compatible with calorimetric enthalpies of formation. The selected value for ?f H m 0 (NiWO4, cr, 298·15 K) is the average of the three calorimetric measurements, using both high temperature solution and combustion techniques, and the compatible free energy determination. A new set of evaluated data for NiWO4 is presented

Standard molar gibbs free energies of formation of CoMoO₄ and Co₂Mo₃O₈ - consistency requirements

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The CaO-SrO-CuO-O-2 system: Phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties at 1123 K

Phase relationships in the CaO-SrO-CuO system in pure oxygen at 1.01 x 10(5) Pa pressure were determined by equilibrating different compositions at 1123 K for similar to 120 h and analyzing the phases present in the quenched samples using X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical and scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX). Four solid solution series were observed in the system, The CawSr1-wO monoxide solid solution with rock-salt structure was found to exhibit an asymmetric miscibility gap, The mixing properties of the monoxide system were deduced using a subregular solution model, For the (CaxSr1-x)(2)CuO3 series, a complete solid solution range with orthorhombic space group Immm was obtained. Calcium substituted for strontium up to 68 at. % in SrCuO2+delta and 51.5 at. % in Sr14Cu24O41-delta. The tie lines between the solid solutions were determined accurately, The activity-composition relations in (CaxSr1-x)(2)CuO3, CaySr1-yCuO2+delta, and (Ca2Sr1-z)(14)Cu24O41-delta solid solutions were determined from experimental tie lines. Activities in the (CaxSr1-x)(2)CuO3 and CaySr1-yCuO2+delta series were close to the predictions of the Temkin model, The behavior of the (CazSr1-(z))(14)Cu24O41-delta solid solution was more complex, with the activity of SrCu(24/14)O-(41-delta/14) exhibiting both positive and negative deviations from ideality. Gibbs energy of formation of the CaCuO2+delta metastable phase at 1123 K was deduced from an analysis of the phase diagram

The CaO-SrO-CuO-O₂ system: phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties at 1123 K

Phase relationships in the CaO-SrO-CuO system in pure oxygen at 1.01 × 10⁵ Pa pressure were determined by equilibrating different compositions at 1123 K for ∼120 h and analyzing the phases present in the quenched samples using X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical and scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX). Four solid solution series were observed in the system. The Ca_wSr_1-wO monoxide solid solution with rock-salt structure was found to exhibit an asymmetric miscibility gap. The mixing properties of the monoxide system were deduced using a subregular solution model. For the (Ca_xSr_1-x)₂CuO₃ series, a complete solid solution range with orthorhombic space groupImmm was obtained. Calcium substituted for strontium up to 68 at.% in SrCuO_2+δ and 51.5 at.% in Sr₁₄Cu₂₄O_41-δ. The tie lines between the solid solutions were determined accurately. The activity-composition relations in (Ca_xSr_1-x)₂CuO₃, CaySr1-y,CuO_2+δ, and (Ca_zSr_1-z)₁₄Cu₂₄O_41-δsolid solutions were determined from experimental tie lines. Activities in the (Ca_xSr_1-x)₂CuO₃ and Ca_ySr_1-yCuO_2+δ series were close to the predictions of the Temkin model. The behavior of the (Ca_zSr_1-z)₁₄Cu₂₄O_41-δ solid solution was more complex, with the activity of SrCu_(24/14)O_(41-δ)/14 exhibiting both positive and negative deviations from ideality. Gibbs energy of formation of the CaCuO_2+δ metastable phase at 1123 K was deduced from an analysis of the phase diagram

Real-time Protein Detection Using ZnO Nanowire/Thin Film Bio-sensor Integrated with Microfluidic System

Abstract A nanoscale semiconducting ZnO based biosensor with integrated microfluidics is designed, fabricated and tested to demonstrate the detection of streptavidin, a commonly used protein. Amperometric (I-t) measurement is utilized to detect the change of conductivity over time. By comparing with the control experiment, the specific binding event between biotin and streptavidin is detected. The data indicates a conductivity change by more than 20% after the protein hybridization. The second part of the papers presents a ZnO thin film based biosensor which is integated with a microfluidic system. Same experiment protocols are carried and similar change in I-t characteristics is observed. This is the first demonstration of real time biosensing with ZnO nanowires and thin films that are integrated with microfluidic systems. This can be further extended to fabricate bio-sensors which can potentially detect any protein in real time. Amperometric sensing results in a label-free detection system as it detects the protein hybridization events electrically. When integrated on the System-on-Package (SOP) platform, this technology can lead to portable, reliable and cost effective biosensors with applications in many area

"Zero-Undercut" Semi-Additive Copper Patterning -A Breakthrough for Ultrafine-line RDL Lithographic Structures and Precision RF Thinfilm Passives

Abstract This paper presents the first demonstration of a "zeroundercut" precision formation of ultrafine-line copper conductor patterns for redistribution layers (RDL) and thin film RF passives. This is accomplished by using a highlyanisotropic and uniform copper plasma-etching process to remove the seed layer with no lateral etching of the copper patterns, unlike what is seen with traditional seed-layer removal by wet-etching. Application of this technical breakthrough for large-area panel processes allows demonstration of precision copper patterns demonstrated, for the first time, on organic laminates with no measurable lateral undercut. Two different plasma chemistries, one pure physical sputter-etching, and the other based upon chemical-physical processes with a hydrogen plasma, were investigated and compared