The Passage of the Public Service Staff Relations Act, 1965-1967

The aim of this study is to determine why collective bargaining rights were granted to civil servants. Chapter one examines the historical development of labour relations in the civil service, specifically social, political, and economic trends present when new bills governing labour relations were introduced. Trends which were to have an impact on Bill C-170 are delineated. Chapter two follows the evolvement of collective bargaining rights into a political issue and the reaction of political parties and other interest groups. Emphasis is placed on the role of postal employees. Chapter three examines the political situation before and after the 1965 federal election and its impact on the decision to introduce the right to strike. The thoughts of editorialists and parliamentarians on the proposed bill are then reviewed. Chapter four follows Bill C-170 through parliamentary committee hearings where labour, business, and committee members expressed their concerns. Parliamentarian and editorial opinions are also put forward. The conclusion poses reasons why the right to strike was granted to all employees. The epilogue shows that on-going issues between the government and its unions stem from the 1960s and postulates that the current aspirations of civil service unions are unlikely to be met

Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) PARM tape user's guide

The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) instrument, onboard the Nimbus-7 spacecraft, collected data from Oct. 1978 until Jun. 1986. The data were processed to physical parameter level products. Geophysical parameters retrieved include the following: sea-surface temperatures, sea-surface windspeed, total column water vapor, and sea-ice parameters. These products are stored on PARM-LO, PARM-SS, and PARM-30 tapes. The geophysical parameter retrieval algorithms and the quality of these products are described for the period between Nov. 1978 and Oct 1985. Additionally, data formats and data availability are included

Moving Towards Estimating Sons' Lifetime Intergenerational Economic Mobility in the UK

Estimates of intergenerational economic mobility that use point in time measures of income and earnings suffer from lifecycle and attenuation bias. They also suffer from sample selection issues and further bias driven by spells out of work. We consider these issues together for UK data, the National Child Development Study and British Cohort Study, for the first time. When all three biases are considered, our best estimate of lifetime intergenerational economic persistence in the UK is 0.43 for children born in 1970. Whilst we argue that this is the best available estimate to date, we discuss why there is good reason to believe that this is still a lower bound, owing to residual attenuation bias

Comparative study of design: application to Engineering Design

A recent exploratory study examines design processes across domains and compares them. This is achieved through a series of interdisciplinary, participative workshops. A systematic framework is used to collect data from expert witnesses who are practising designers across domains from engineering through architecture to product design and fashion, including film production, pharmaceutical drugs, food, packaging, graphics and multimedia and software. Similarities and differences across domains are described which indicate the types of comparative analysis we have been able to do from our data. The paper goes further and speculates on possible lessons for selected areas of engineering design which can be drawn from comparison with processes in other domains. As such this comparative design study offers the potential for improving engineering design processes. More generally it is a first step in creating a discipline of comparative design which aims to provide a new rich picture of design processes

The Role of Education for Intergenerational Income Mobility: A comparison of the United States, Great Britain, and Sweden

Previous studies have found that intergenerational income persistence is relatively high in the United States and Britain, especially as compared to Nordic countries. We compare the association between family income and sons’ earnings in the United States (National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979), Britain (British Cohort Study 1970), and Sweden (Population Register Data, 1965 cohort), and find that both income elasticities and rank-order correlations are highest in the United States, followed by Britain, with Sweden being clearly more equal. We ask whether differences in educational inequality and in return to qualifications can explain these cross-country differences. Surprisingly, we find that this is not the case, even though returns to education are higher in the United States. Instead, the low income mobility in the United States and Britain is almost entirely due to the part of the parent-son association that is not mediated by educational attainment. In the United States and especially Britain, parental income is far more important for earnings at a given level of education than in Sweden, a result that holds also when controlling for cognitive ability. This goes against widespread ideas of the United States as a country where the role of ascription is limited and meritocratic stratification prevails

Direct and Enantioselective Organocatalytic α-Chlorination of Aldehydes

The first direct enantioselective catalytic α-chlorination of aldehydes has been accomplished. The use of enamine catalysis has provided a new organocatalytic strategy for the enantioselective chlorination of aldehydes to generate α-chloro aldehydes, an important chiral synthon for chemical and medicinal agent synthesis. The use of imidazolidinone 3 as the asymmetric catalyst has been found to mediate the halogenation of a large variety of aldehyde substrates with the perchlorinated quinone 1 serving as the electrophilic chlorinating reagent. A diverse spectrum of aldehyde substrates can also be accommodated in this new organocatalytic transformation. The capacity of catalyst 3 to override the inherent bias of resident stereogenicity in the chlorination of enantiopure β-chiral aldehydes is also described. Catalyst quantities of 5 mol % were generally employed in this study

Inequalities in young peoples' educational experiences and wellbeing during the Covid-19 pandemic

While the health risks of Covid-19 for young people are low, they have borne a heavy cost of the pandemic through intense disruption to their education and social lives. These effects have not been experienced equally across social and demographic groups. Using data from a nationally representative survey of 4,000 young people linked to their education records, we study inequalities in young people's experiences of the Covid-19 pandemic. We find particularly stark inequalities by socio-economic status, with young people from poorer families facing disadvantage on multiple fronts, particularly in their experiences of home learning, returning to school, and exam cancellations compared to more advantaged young people. Gender and ethnic inequalities were more mixed, though young females reported significantly lower wellbeing scores than males. This evidence suggests that the pandemic has exacerbated existing inequalities, meaning policymakers concerned with increasing equity and social mobility now face an even bigger task than before

Children in jobless households across Europe: Evidence on the association with medium- and long-term outcomes

The proportion of children living in a jobless household is a key indicator of social exclusion across Europe. Yet there is little evidence on the extent to which this measure of childhood deprivation is associated with later life outcomes. We use two harmonised cross-national data sources to consider the association between children experiencing jobless households and three medium- and long- term outcomes for the first time: education, adult joblessness and adult poverty. We find evidence of large penalties across all three outcomes in some countries while in other countries there are no longer-term associations with this indicator of social exclusion