The elephant in the room: is misuse of Eau de Cologne the missing link in the death of Napoleon ?

The elephant in the room: is misuse of Eau de Cologne the missing link in the death of Napoleon ? Parvez I. Haris Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, E-Mail: [email protected] Conspiracy theories about Napoleon Bonaparte’s death started immediately after his death on the 5th of May 1821. A publication in Nature suggested he was murdered by arsenic poisoning due to detection of high arsenic levels in his hair [1] although this was refuted by later research. The ‘elephant in the room’ is Napoleon’s misuse of Eau de Cologne that has not been discussed in terms of its toxic effects. He consumed 2-3 bottles daily. It was rubbed on his body, poured on his head, and he drank and inhaled it as medication. After his death, Napoleon’s body was washed with Eau de Cologne [2] which contains 2-5% essential oils from citrus fruits and other plants dissolved in alcohol. Essential oils can act as endocrine disruptors [3] and many of the symptoms displayed by Napoleon can be attributed to this, including him developing breasts and having a hairless body. His suffering from seizures and feeling cold all the time can also be attributed to endocrine disrupting effects of the essential oils. Many years of exposure to excessively high concentrations of essential oil may have led him to develop gastric cancer. There are studies linking essential oil and endocrine disrupting chemicals to gastrointestinal cancer. Eau de Cologne was a double-edged sword for Napoleon. Due to its high alcohol content, its antiseptic property protected him from bacterial and viral infections during his military campaigns but the endocrine disrupting property of essential oils caused changes in his physical appearance, leading to illness and eventually death. References: [1] Forshufvud, S., Smith, H. and Wassén, A., 1961. Arsenic content of Napoleon I's hair probably taken immediately after his death. Nature, 192(4798), pp.103-105. [2] Weider, B. and Hapgood, D., 1998. The murder of Napoleon. iUniverse., pp. 4 [3] Henley, D.V., Lipson, N., Korach, K.S. and Bloch, C.A., 2007. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. New England Journal of Medicine, 356(5), pp.479-485

Occupational exposure explains the higher COVID-19 deaths amongst the Bangladeshi and Pakistani ethnic groups in the United Kingdom

Occupational exposure explains the higher COVID-19 deaths amongst the Bangladeshi and Pakistani ethnic groups in the United Kingdom Parvez I. Haris Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom, E-Mail: [email protected] COVID-19 mortality data from the UK office of National Statistics (ONS) reveals that the Bangladeshi and Pakistani communities were not only adversely affected during the first and second waves but also showed the largest increase in mortality in the second wave. In the second wave, there was a 60% reduction for black Africans (men and women) but a dramatic increase by 124% and 97% for men and women from Pakistani ethnicity, respectively. As yet, this alarming increase in deaths during the second wave has not been explained although multiple factors are likely to have been responsible. The Bangladeshi and Pakistani ethnic groups suffered economically due to the lockdown as a large proportion of the people from these communities’ own restaurants and takeaways and also work in this sector. To support this badly affected sector, a “eat out to help out” scheme was introduced by the government with the price of meals discounted by 50%. This was a great incentive for the businesses and the community to generate income and also for the public to enjoy meals at discounted prices during the summer of 2020. During the period of the scheme, long queues were seen outside restaurants throughout the country, especially in areas with a high concentration of Bangladeshis and Pakistanis. People from these ethnicities have the highest percentage of people working in the sector that was most directly connected to the “eat out to help out” scheme. According to the ONS data, over 30% of Bangladeshis and Pakistanis work in the distribution, hotels and restaurants sector. This is two-fold higher compared to the Black ethnic group and it is also higher than any other ethnic groups. Furthermore, the Bangladeshis and Pakistanis have the highest percentage of people (17.8%) working in the transport and communication sector compared to the Black ethnic group (11.1%). This category of workers, especially taxi and mini-cab drivers, would have been more active during the “eat out to help out” scheme taking customers to and from restaurants. Small kitchens in restaurants and fast-food outlets were packed with staff serving unusually high number customers taking advantage of heavily discounted meals. Wearing masks, at least properly with the nose and mouth fully covered, in a hot kitchen environment, during busy periods and over several hours of continuous work, is unlikely to have been easy. Social distancing in a kitchen environment is virtually impossible due to space limitation and the need to move around. Furthermore, the ventilation systems in kitchens vary widely and may not have been adequate enough to eliminate virus-laden water droplets exhaled by the restaurant workers. Exposure of virus between workers and customers is likely to have been higher during the “eat out to help out scheme” compared to other periods. All of this may have created an ideal environment for the transmission of the virus between restaurant workers and customers and thereafter being transmitted to family members and others in the community. In the UK, 43.9% of the Black ethnic group work in the public administration, education and health sectors. In contrast, 25.2% of Bangladeshis and Pakistanis work in this sector. The decrease in COVID-19 deaths amongst the Black ethnic groups (both Black African and Black Caribbean) during the second wave is probably due to the fact that a greater percentage of them work in the more well-regulated and financially well supported sectors such as the NHS and education sectors, where risk assessment and adherence to COVID-19 health and safety measures were strongly implemented, especially after the first wave. In contrast, small businesses such as restaurants, which many Bangladeshi and Pakistanis either own and/or work in, may not have sufficient resources for implementing strict health and safety measures such as social distancing, for example in a small kitchen with 5-6 people working in close contact to each other for many hours for 6-7 days a week. This difference in employment environment of Blacks, compared to Bangladeshis and Pakistanis, may explain why the COVID-19 mortality decreased for the Blacks in the second wave but increased for Bangladeshis and Pakistanis. Taxi and mini-cab drivers were badly affected by COVID-19. During the “eat out to help out” this sector will have been very busy taking passengers to and from restaurants. Thus a combination of working in restaurants and driving taxis may explain the higher mortality from COVID-19 in Bangladeshi and Pakistanis and this increased substantially in the second wave due to higher activity in these sectors caused by the “eat out to help out” incentive. To conclude, the key factor responsible for the higher COVID-19 deaths in the Bangladeshi and Pakistani communities is due to higher risk of exposure to the virus as they have higher percentage of people working in restaurants, takeaways and driving taxis and mini-cabs. The frequency and dose of exposure to the virus is likely to be high due to duration of time spent in overcrowded kitchens, taxis and mini-cabs. The well intentioned “eat out to help out” scheme turned out to be an opportunity for making more money for businesses and their staff as well as greater enjoyment for the customers but it created an ideal environment for exposure to COVID-19. Adequate risk assessment and necessary support is needed to protect the health and safety of workers and customers in restaurants, fast-food outlets and those working as taxi and mini-cab drivers. This is particularly urgent as prevention strategies, such as wearing of masks and social distancing, are lifted from 19 July 2021

Pengaruh Kesiapan dan Transfer Belajar terhadap Hasil Belajar Ekonomi di SMA Negeri 1 Ubud

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) pengaruh kesiapan (readiness) belajar terhadap hasil belajar ekonomi, (2) pengaruh transfer belajar terhadap hasil belajar ekonomi, dan (3) pengaruh kesiapan (readiness) belajar siswa dan transfer belajar terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian deskriptif kausal (kuantitatif). Penelitian ini ditujukan pada mata pelajaran ekonomi siswa kls x di sma negeri 1 ubud tahun pelajaran 2012/2013. dengan jumlah sampel sebesar 96 orang siswa yang diambil secara acak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) terdapat pengaruh kesiapan (readiness) belajar siswa terhadap hasil belajar siswa dari hasil regresi linier diperolehnilai koefisien pyx1= 0,073dan p-value Sig. (2-tailed) = 0,009 lebih kecil dari pada taraf signifikan 0,05. Hal ini berarti bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara kesiapan (readiness) belajar siswa terhadap hasil belajar siswa, (2) terdapat pengaruh transfer belajar terhadap hasil belajar siswa dari hasil regresi linier diperoleh nilai koefisien pyx2= 15,793 dan p-value Sig. (2-tailed) = 0,000 lebih kecil dari pada taraf signifikan 0,05. Hal ini berarti bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara transfer belajar terhadap hasil belajar siswa, dan (3) terdapat pengaruh antara kesiapan (readiness) belajar siswa dan transfer belajar terhadap hasil belajar siswa dari hasil regresi linier diperoleh nilai koefisien pyx1x2= 0,722dan p-value Sig. (2-tailed) = 0,000 lebih kecil dari pada taraf signifikan 0,05. Hal ini berarti bahwa besar kecilnya hasil belajar dipengaruhi oleh kesiapan (readiness) belajar dan transfer belajar.Kata Kunci : Kesiapan, Transfer Belajar, Hasil Belajar This study aims at investigating (1) the effect of students readiness in learning towards students learning result in economy subject matter, (2) the effect of learning transfer towards students learning result in economy subject matter and (3) the effect of students readiness and transfer in learning towards students learning result in economy subject matter This study was designed quantitatively in which economy subject matter was the focused of the study. 96 of the students at first year of SMA Negeri 1 Ubud in the academic year of 2012/2013 were selected as the samples which were taken randomly in his study. This study was designed quantitatively in which economy subject matter was the focused of the study. 96 of the students at first year of SMA Negeri 1 Ubud in the academic year of 2012/2013 were selected as the samples which were taken randomly in his study. The result of the data analysis showed that (1) there was an effect of students readiness in learning towards students learning result in economy subject matter. Based on the linier regression, it was obtained the coefficient value of pyx1=0.073 and p-value Sig. (2-tailed)=0.009 was less than the significant level 0.05. It meant that there was a significant effect of the students readiness in learning towards their learning result. (2) There was an effect of students transfer in learning towards students learning result. Based on the linier regression, it was obtained coefficient value of py2l=15.793 and p-value Sig. (2-tailed)=0.000 was less than the significant level 0.05. It meant that there was a significant effect of students transfer in learning towards students learning result, and (3) there was an effect of students readiness and transfer in learning towards students learning result. It was proven by the result of linier regression, the coefficient value obtained was pyx1x2=0.722 and p-value Sig. (2-tailed) =0.000. It was less than significant level 0.05. Based on the value, it was found that the students learning result is determined by students readiness and transfer in learning. The result of the data analysis showed that (1) there was an effect of students readiness in learning towards students learning result in economy subject matter. Based on the linier regression, it was obtained the coefficient value of pyx1=0.073 and p-value Sig. (2-tailed)=0.009 was less than the significant level 0.05. It meant that there was a significant effect of the students readiness in learning towards their learning result. (2) There was an effect of students transfer in learning towards students learning result. Based on the linier regression, it was obtained coefficient value of py2l=15.793 and p-value Sig. (2-tailed)=0.000 was less than the significant level 0.05. It meant that there was a significant effect of students transfer in learning towards students learning result, and (3) there was an effect of students readiness and transfer in learning towards students learning result. It was proven by the result of linier regression, the coefficient value obtained was pyx1x2=0.722 and p-value Sig. (2-tailed) =0.000. It was less than significant level 0.05. Based on the value, it was found that the students learning result is determined by students readiness and transfer in learning. keyword : readiness, learning transfer, learning goal. keyword : readiness, learning transfer, learning goal

Analisis Efisiensi Saluran Pemasaran Komoditas Anggur di Desa Banyupoh Kecamatan Gerokgak Tahun 2014

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) pola saluran pemasaran komoditas anggur di Desa Banyupoh tahun 2014, (2) jumlah marjin dan farmer share dari masing-masing pola saluran pemasaran komoditas anggur di Desa Banyupoh tahun 2014, dan (3) pola saluran yang paling efisien dalam pemasaran anggur di Desa Banyupoh tahun 2014. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan berupa data kualitatif dan kuantitatif, sedangkan berdasarkan sumbernya ada data primer dan data sekunder. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode wawancara dan dokumentasi yang selanjutnya dianalisis dengan teknik analisis deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) Pola saluran pemasaran komoditas anggur di Desa Banyupoh tahun 2014 ada tiga pola saluran pemasaran yaitu: pola saluran I: petani pedagang pengecer konsumen, pola saluran II: petani pedagang pengumpul pedagang pengecer konsumen, dan pola saluran III: petani pedagang pengumpul pedagang besar (luar daerah). (2) Pola saluran pemasaran I jumlah marjin sebesar Rp. 4.000,00/kg dan farmer share sebesar 27,69%, pola saluran pemasaran II jumlah marjin sebesar Rp. 7.500,00/kg dan farmer share sebesar 26,53%, sedangkan pola saluran pemasaran III memiliki jumlah marjin sebesar Rp. 7.000,00/kg dan untuk farmer share sebesar 21,96%. (3) Pola saluran I paling efisien karena memiliki persentase paling kecil yaitu sebesar 4,35%, dibandingkan saluran lainnya yaitu saluran II sebesar 11,33%, pada saluran III sebesar 11,72%.Kata Kunci : Farmer share, marjin pemasaran, saluran pemasaran. This study is conducted to know (1) the pattern of grape commoditys marketing access in Banyupoh Village in 2014, (2) the amount of margin and farmer share from each pattern of marketing access in Banyupoh Village in 2014, and (3) which pattern is more efficient for grape marketing access in Banyupoh Village in 2014. This study is a descriptive quantitative research. There are two kinds of data in this study, they are qualitative and quantitative data. Meanwhile, based on the sources of data, it is categorized into primary and secondary data. The data were taken through interview and documentation which are directly analyzed by using descriptive analysis technique with quantitative approach. The result shows that (1) there are four patterns of marketing access of grape commodity in Banyupoh Village in 2014, they are: Pattern I: Farmer Retail Seller Consumer, Pattern II: Farmer Whole Seller Retail Seller Consumer, Pattern III: Farmer Whole Seller wholesalers, (2) the amount of margin of the first pattern is Rp. 4.000,00/kg and the farmer share is 27,69%, the margin of the second pattern is Rp. 7.500,00/kg and the farmer share is 26,53%, the margin of the third pattern is Rp. 7.000,00/kg and the farmer share is 21,96%. (3) the first pattern is more efficient among the four patterns because its percentage is 4,35%, it is the smallest percentage if it is compared with the other pattern precentage they are Pattern II is 11,33%, Pattern III is 11,72%.keyword : Farmer share, Marketing Margin, Marketing Access

Can a healthy “water cycle” in the body prevent or delay dementia ?

Several factors that have been shown to be beneficial for protection against Alzheimer’s disease and other type of dementia appears to have in common the enhancement of water movement in the body through a cycle of “water loss” and “water gain”. Factors that contribute to this “water loss” and “water gain” cycle include physical exercise, sleep, Mediterranean diet, coffee, green tea, sauna, diuretic medications, etc. There is a link with water in all of these factors. Physical exercise leads to loss of water through breathing and sweating. This loss is compensated by drinking water after exercise and often water is also consumed before exercise. Sleeping leads to greater water loss, compared to the awake state, due to abstinence from food and water. This causes mild dehydration leading to shrinking of cells which increases the volume of the interstitial space enhancing the clearance of wastes from the brain. Water is consumed after waking up and this leads to swelling of cells and this circadian rhythm of cell shrinking and cell swelling may act like a “pump” that enhances waste clearance from the body. The Mediterranean diet contains water-rich foods which is beneficial for hydration. Coffee and green tea contain caffeine that has diuretic properties which assists in removing water from the body. Taking sauna enhances water loss (sweating) which is followed by “water gain” (drinking of water). Research have shown that those who take the diuretic medication, bumetanide, have significantly lower prevalence of Alzheimer's disease. According to the arguments presented here, this is also due to removal of water from the body that enhances a healthy movement of water in the body. A daily cycle of healthy “water gain” and “water loss” through sleep, physical activity & diet may offer a strategy for prevention and treatment of dementia

Efektivitas Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa (ADD) pada Desa Lembean Kecamatan Kintamani Kabupaten Bangli Tahun 2009-2014

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) tingkat efektivitas pengelolaan alokasi dana desa pada Desa Lembean tahun 2009-2014, (2) hambatan yang dihadapi dalam merealisasi alokasi dana desa pada Desa Lembean, (3) cara menanggulangi hambatan dalam merealisasi alokasi dana desa pada Desa Lembean. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode dokumentasi dan wawancara. Analisis data menggunakan teknik efektivitas dan rasio kreteria efektivitas. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode dokumentasi dan wawancara. Analisis data menggunakan teknik efektivitas dan rasio kreteria efektivitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) Efektivitas pengelolaan alokasi dana desa dari tahun 2009-2014 sudah berada dalam kategori efektif. Tingkat efektivitas pengelolaan alokasi dana desa pada desa Lembean yaitu tahun 2009 (98,98%), 2010 (100%), 2011 (100%), 2012 (98,24%), 2013 (100%), dan 2014 (99,57%). (2) Hambatan yang dialami dalam merealisasi alokasi dana desa pada desa Lembean adalah pemahaman masyarakat terhadaap ADD, miss komunikaasi , dan pencairan alokasi dana desa yang terlambat. (3) menanggulangi hambatan dalam merealisasi alokasi dana desa dapat dilakukan dengan pelatihan, meningkaatkan koordinasi unit kerja, dan anggaran dana cadangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) Efektivitas pengelolaan alokasi dana desa dari tahun 2009-2014 sudah berada dalam kategori efektif. Tingkat efektivitas pengelolaan alokasi dana desa pada desa Lembean yaitu tahun 2009 (98,98%), 2010 (100%), 2011 (100%), 2012 (98,24%), 2013 (100%), dan 2014 (99,57%). (2) Hambatan yang dialami dalam merealisasi alokasi dana desa pada desa Lembean adalah pemahaman masyarakat terhadaap ADD, miss komunikaasi , dan pencairan alokasi dana desa yang terlambat. (3) menanggulangi hambatan dalam merealisasi alokasi dana desa dapat dilakukan dengan pelatihan, meningkaatkan koordinasi unit kerja, dan anggaran dana cadangan. Kata Kunci : Efektivitas alokasi dana desa, realisasi alokasi dana desa This research is purpose to understand (1) the effectiveness management village funds allocation in Lembean village in years 2009-2014, (2) obstacles that faced in realization village funds allocation in Lembean village, (3) cope with the obstacles in realization village funds allocation in Lembean village.The design is descriptive research. Data were collected with the documentation and interview.The result showed (1) management effectiveness village funds allocation from years 2009-2014 referring to be in category effective. The effectiveness management village funds allocation in Lembean villages year 2009 (98,98%), 2010 (100%), 2011 (100%), 2012 (98,24%), 2013 (100%), and 2014 (99,57%). (2) obstacles experienced in realization village funds allocation is the comprehension of human resources remain low, miss communication, and liquefaction the village funds allocation late. (3) cope the obstacles of realization village funds allocation can did with choacing, increase coordination, and make fund reseve.keyword : Effectiveness village funds allocation , realization village funds allocation Kata Kunci : Efektivitas alokasi dana desa, realisasi alokasi dana desa This research is purpose to understand (1) the effectiveness management village funds allocation in Lembean village in years 2009-2014, (2) obstacles that faced in realization village funds allocation in Lembean village, (3) cope with the obstacles in realization village funds allocation in Lembean village.The design is descriptive research. Data were collected with the documentation and interview.The result showed (1) management effectiveness village funds allocation from years 2009-2014 referring to be in category effective. The effectiveness management village funds allocation in Lembean villages year 2009 (98,98%), 2010 (100%), 2011 (100%), 2012 (98,24%), 2013 (100%), and 2014 (99,57%). (2) obstacles experienced in realization village funds allocation is the comprehension of human resources remain low, miss communication, and liquefaction the village funds allocation late. (3) cope the obstacles of realization village funds allocation can did with choacing, increase coordination, and make fund reseve.keyword : Effectiveness village funds allocation , realization village funds allocatio

We must not forget that 99% of the total number of molecules present in a living organism is water

The file attached to this record is the author's final version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI lin