The Phrenic Component of Acute Schizophrenia – A Name and Its Physiological Reality

Decreased heart rate variability (HRV) was shown for unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives, implying genetic associations. This is known to be an important risk factor for increased cardiac mortality in other diseases. The interaction of cardio-respiratory function and respiratory physiology has never been investigated in the disease although it might be closely related to the pattern of autonomic dysfunction. We hypothesized that increased breathing rates and reduced cardio-respiratory coupling in patients with acute schizophrenia would be associated with low vagal function. We assessed variability of breathing rates and depth, HRV and cardio-respiratory coupling in patients, their first-degree relatives and controls at rest. Control subjects were investigated a second time by means of a stress task to identify stress-related changes of cardio-respiratory function. A total of 73 subjects were investigated, consisting of 23 unmedicated patients, 20 healthy, first-degree relatives and 30 control subjects matched for age, gender, smoking and physical fitness. The LifeShirt®, a multi-function ambulatory device, was used for data recording (30 minutes). Patients breathe significantly faster (p<.001) and shallower (p<.001) than controls most pronouncedly during exhalation. Patients' breathing is characterized by a significantly increased amount of middle- (p<.001), high- (p<.001), and very high frequency fluctuations (p<.001). These measures correlated positively with positive symptoms as assessed by the PANSS scale (e.g., middle frequency: r = 521; p<.01). Cardio-respiratory coupling was reduced in patients only, while HRV was decreased in patients and healthy relatives in comparison to controls. Respiratory alterations might reflect arousal in acutely ill patients, which is supported by comparable physiological changes in healthy subjects during stress. Future research needs to further investigate these findings with respect to their physiological consequences for patients. These results are invaluable for researchers studying changes of biological signals prone to the influence of breathing rate and rhythm (e.g., functional imaging)

Determination of Benzalkonium Homologues and Didecyldimethylammonium in Powdered and Liquid Milk for Infants by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

In this study, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography\u2013 mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method for the determination of benzalkonium (BAC) homologues and didecyldimethylammonium (DDAC) was developed. A satisfactory chromatographic separation of BAC homologues and DDAC was achieved using, as mobile phase, acetonitrile\u2013 aqueous 50 mM ammonium formate (pH 3.2) (93+7 v/v) at 0.3 mL min 121. The elution order of BAC homologues was from benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride (C16- BAC) to benzyldimethyldecylammonium chloride (C10- BAC), the exact opposite with respect to separation using reversed liquid chromatography. The instrumental method was successfully applied to powdered and liquid milk for infants (about 50 samples). From powdered milk samples, BAC and DDAC were extracted using 5 % formic acid in methanol for 60 min at 60 \ub0C in an ultrasonic bath; after dilution with water and 5 % NH4OH solution, a purification step using a weak cationic exchange column was performed. Satisfactory limit of detections (LODs) were achieved, below 1.0 \u3bcg kg 121 and 0.05 \u3bcg L 121 for powdered and liquid milk for infants, respectively. No sample was free of BAC homologues and DDAC, and in one powdered milk sample, the contamination level exceeded 500 \u3bcg kg 121, the maximum level recommended by the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health for food and feed

Beyond ‘food apartheid’: Civil society and the politicization of hunger in New Haven, Connecticut

This article illuminates the extent of community-based activism around food justice in New Haven, CT. Data was gathered through 28 in-depth interviews with civil society actors and participant observation across the food policy and urban agriculture (UA) sectors in the Fall of 2018. The paper traces the challenges that the sector faces in advancing a more democratic food agenda even when the municipality is relatively open to activist claims. Three key findings are identified. (a) Following in the American communitarian tradition, civil society groups working at grassroots level largely set the agenda for tackling food hunger in New Haven. That agenda, however, is broad-based and contradictory, incorporating initiatives aimed at addressing food insecurity and radical advocacy for food justice. (b) The efforts of civil society actors are structurally constrained by their dependence on philanthropic or grant based funding, on the one hand, and the symbolic rather than substantive support afforded by a fiscally weak, resource-poor municipality, on the other. (c) There is an inherent tension within the civil society sector arising from the disjuncture between strategies that have the effect of depoliticizing hunger and those that increasingly demand a repoliticization of hunger. These issues have been brought into sharper relief in light of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis and the 2020 Black Lives Matter (BLM) mobilization, which, in concert, expose deep fissures in American society