Implementation of Turbo Code with Early Iteration Termination in GNU Radio

Wireless communication systems demand energy efficient and performance optimized error correction scheme. Turbo code, an iterative error correction code, shows strong error correction capability. Many wireless communication systems use Turbo code in their standards due to its near ideal performance. The iterative nature of Turbo decoder introduces additional computations, decoding delay, and power consumption. The number of iterations required to obtain the desired output varies with the channel conditions. Early iteration termination at appropriate time reduces the computational complexity without performance degradation. An early iteration termination based on the absolute value of the mean of extrinsic information has been proposed recently. This technique efficiently terminates the iteration at low and high SNR conditions and also minimizes the half iterations. Software Defined Radio (SDR), a communication system technology, is a common platform that supports various standards. GNU Radio is the software part of SDR that allows implementing various features of communication systems. A low complex Turbo decoder in GNU Radio along with Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) helps to implement real time applications with low decoding delay and reduced complexity. In this paper, Turbo CODEC with early iteration termination has been implemented in GNU Radio platform

Who Benefits And Who Loses From The Regionalization Of World Trade?

As regional blocs evolve, developing countries within blocs are prime beneficiaries.  Trade between developed countries in different blocs falls relative to theoretical predictions.  Many developing countries outside major blocs are the losers.  The primary factor driving evolving trade patterns is the lowering of barriers to trade (however defined).  As economic integration progresses, a trade zone may evolve into a common market, economic union, or monetary union, facilitating the lowering of trade and growth-inhibiting frictions. Furthermore, barriers to trade will continue to decline within a trade zone faster than between trade zones, but the benefits of economic integration will not be equally shared across all nations in a zone.  Policy implications and directions for future research are then discussed

A prospective study of comparison between transvaginal sonogram and histopathological examination in perimenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the most frequently encountered conditions in gynaecology practice and forms about 10% of all gynaecological admissions, the main concern in perimenopausal bleeding is that the bleeding could be the only external manifestation of many hidden serious pathologies of uterine-cavity. The objective of this study was to compare the results of transvaginal sonography (TVS) and drug and cosmetic (D and C) with histopathological examination (HPE) report of hysterectomy specimen in perimenopausal women with AUB.Methods: A prospective comparative study where 100 perimenopausal women with AUB were subjected to TVS then D and C and then the results were compared with histopathological report of the hysterectomized specimen.Results: With an endometrial thickness less than or equal to 15 mm the histopathology report is normal endometrium. When the endometrial thickness more than or equal to 15 mm the histopathology report is hyperplasia or carcinoma. Findings of TVS correlated well with histopathological report after hysterectomy. 14 cases of adenomyosis, 16 cases of myomatous polyp, and 6 cases of endometrial polyp missed by dilatation and curettage.Conclusions: TVS is a simple, non-invasive test to indirectly visualize the endometrial cavity and is useful as a first step diagnostic procedure in the evaluation of perimenopausal bleeding. Dilatation and curettage lags in detecting adenomyosis, endometrial and myomatous polyps, When TVS combined with dilatation and curettage, it can supplement the shortcomings of dilatation and curettage

The Effectiveness of Mulligan Mobilization Versus Stretching on the Management of Piriformis Syndrome: A Comparative study

BACKROUND OF THE STUDY: Low back pain is a leading cause of disability. It occurs in similar proportions in all cultures, interferes with quality of life and work performance and is the most common reason for medical consultations. Only a few cases of back pain are due to specific causes; most cases are non-specific. Low back pain may results from trauma, osteoporotic fractures, infection, neoplasm’s and other mechanical derangements. METHODOLOGY: In this experimental study, 30 patients with Piriformis syndrome were selected and divided into two groups. One group was given only Piriformis stretching for the tightened muscle and the other group given Mulligan mobilization for lumbo sacral joints. VAS and oswestry disability index were taken to compare before and after the treatment regime of 4 weeks. The baseline measurement was compared to the Data. RESULTS: Both the groups had decrease of pain in VAS score, but the group A had more decrease of pain and improvement in function. In both the groups, the statistical result was found to be P<0.0001 which means there is a significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study found that the reduction of pain and improvement of function were seen in both the groups but the Mulligan’s Mobilization in group A was more effective than Stretching i.e. group B

Development and Validation of Glimepiride and Metformin in Human Plasma by HPLC: An application study

A simple and cost effective RP-HPLC method is developed for simultaneous estimation of glimepiride (GLIM) and metformin (MET) at tablet dosage form using C-18 column (4.6 x 250mm, 5?, 100 A?) with a mobile phase composed ofmethanol: water (90:10% v/v) buffered with ortho phosphoric acid at a flow rate of1.0 mL/min (UV detection at 231 nm). The retention time of both drugs (GLIM and MET) are observed as 4.286 and 2.262 respectively. Human plasma spiking studies of both the API and the formulation at the concentration of (0.2g/mL - 1g/mL) for glimepiride and metformin (1g/mL - 5g/mL) expresses the standard correlation coefficients of 0.9998 and 0.9999 respectively for API and 0.9917 and 0.99 respectively for the tablet dosage form. The mean (%) recoveries of glimepiride and metformin are 99.98 and 99.9% respectively. The % RSD below 0.5 shows the high precision of the proposed method. Assay studies revealed that 98.05% of purity is observed for glimepiride and 99.69 for metformin in a tablet dosage form. Human plasma spiking studies revealed that a minimal quantum of glimepiride had been bound with the plasma proteins compare to metformin in the tablet dosage form. The method was validated as per the ICH guidelines

EFFICIENT EYE BLINK COMMUNICATION ASSISTANCE FOR PARALYZED PATIENTS

The research study presents a real time method based on some video and image processing algorithms for eye blink detection to voice conversion. The motivation of this study is to help the disabled people who cannot communicate with human. The Haar Cascade Classifier is used for face and eye recognition to gain details about the eyes and facial axes. In comparison, the same classifier is used to assess the relation among the senses like eye and axis of the face to position the eye based on haar like features. This proposes an effective eye detection system which uses the sensed face location. An efficient eye detection method is proposed which uses the position of detected face. Finally, an eye blink detection method is done based on eyelids movement whether it is open or closed and is used for controlling mobile phones. The study have designed a very low-priced device that coverts the eye blinks to voice message with more accuracy compared to existing system. The eye blinks that are detected can be helpful in applications such as health assistance, S.O.S, basic utility. Test results show that our proposed system for a distance of 35cm delivers a overall accuracy of 98% and a detection accuracy of 98

Comparative Chronic Valve and Venous Effects of Lumenless versus Stylet‐Delivered Pacing Leads in Patients with and Without Congenital Heart

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/115920/1/pace12728.pd

An Efficient Early Iteration Termination for Turbo Decoder, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2016, nr 2

Turbo code finds wide applications in mobile communication, deep space communication, satellite communication and short-range communication despite its high computational complexity and iterative nature. Realizing capacity approaching turbo code is a great achievement in the field of communication systems due to its efficient error correction capability. The high computational complexity associated with the iterative process of decoding turbo code consumes large power, introducing decoding delay, and reducing the throughput. Hence, efficient iteration control techniques are required to make the turbo code more power efficient. In this paper, a simple and efficient early iteration termination technique is introduced based on absolute value of the mean of extrinsic information at the component decoders of turbo code. The simulation results presented clearly show that the proposed method is capable of reducing the average number of iterations while maintaining performance close to that of fixed iteration termination. The significant reduction in iteration achieved by the method reduces decoding delay and complexity while maintaining Bit Error Rate performance close to standard fixed iteration turbo decoder

Pilot Design for Sparse Channel Estimation in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Systems, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2018, nr 2

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a well-known technique used in modern wide band wireless communication systems. Coherent OFDM systems achieve its advantages over a multipath fading channel, if channel impulse response is estimated precisely at the receiver. Pilot-aided channel estimation in wide band OFDM systems adopts the recently explored compressive sensing technique to decrease the transmission overhead of pilot subcarriers, since it exploits the inherent sparsity of the wireless fading channel. The accuracy of compressive sensing techniques in sparse channel estimation is based on the location of pilots among OFDM subcarriers. A sufficient condition for the optimal pilot selection from Sylow subgroups is derived. A Sylow subgroup does not exist for most practical OFDM systems. Therefore, a deterministic pilot search algorithm is described to select pilot locations based on minimizing coherence, along with minimum variance. Simulation results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of bit error rate, compared to the existing solutions

Decarboxylative Benzylations of Alkynes and Ketones

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see http://doi.org/:10.1021/ja1035557.Utilization of palladium π-benzyl complexes in cross-coupling reactions is becoming increasingly important in organic synthesis.1 However, methods for benzylic cross-couplings typically rely on the use of basic reagents or preformed organometallics. For example, Buchwald reported the cross-coupling of benzyl halides with alkynes using stoichiometric Cs2CO3; unfortunately, the basic reaction conditions often induce isomerization of the product benzylic alkynes to isomeric allenes.2 Negishi reported the benzylic cross-coupling with acetylides via stoichiometric alkynyl zinc bromides that must be prepared from ZnBr2.3 Not only do these methods require stoichiometric bases or organometallics, but they also utilize benzyl halides that are expensive, hazardous, and more difficult to handle than related benzyl alcohol derivatives. Legros, Kuwano and others have reported catalytic benzylation of stabilized nucleophiles using activated benzylic alcohol derivatives.4 While benzylations of highly stabilized enolates (pKa ~ 10-13),4a-d phenols (pKa ~ 10),4e and arene sulfinates (pKa ~ 7)4f have been successful, the reaction of less stabilized nucleophiles has proven difficult.5 Since we have previously developed decarboxylative coupling strategies that allow allylation of nonstabilized nucleophiles without the use of an external base or organometallic, we hypothesized that a similar strategy might allow decarboxylative coupling of benzylic esters with nonstabilized nucleophiles (eq. 1).5-