5,131 research outputs found
Industrial Policies and Strategies, 2: The Netherlands
In the coming years the world will be undergoing a major structural transformation as the size, composition, and geographic distribution of industry changes under the influence of:
-- increases in factor prizes: energy, labor;
-- depletion of resources: minerals, cheap liquid fuels;
-- changes in technology: microelectronics, biotechnology;
-- industrialization of the LDCs.
The already-industrialized nations, whose industrial structure was shaped by relatively inexpensive energy and easy access to resources, will find certain sectors losing competitiveness to newly-industrialized nations with access to similar technologies, and cheaper labor. The newly-industrializing nations will strive to increase their portion of the global industrial pie, while the industrialized nations will compete with each other to preserve their shares. At the same time, population increase and economic development will place new demands both for employment and for goods on the industrial system.
At the national level, this transformation will affect economic growth, employment, regional development, balance of payments, R&D, and many other sensitive constituents of national well-being. For the small economies that have a relatively large foreign trade sector, the transformation can be traumatic. Even the large, autarkic economies will face substantial challenges.
IIASA is now beginning an exploration of the role that it might play in analyzing and improving understanding of the global and national issues arising from this transformation of the international industrial structure. One part of the exploration has been the commissioning of a series of papers by outside specialists.
A central question for all nations in the face of the industrial transformation is: what strategy should be followed to maximize the prospects of national well-being, given the anticipated changes? The second paper in the series addresses this question for a medium-sized nation with a very open economy: The Netherlands. Its author, Dr. Pieter de Wolff, is Chairman of the Dutch Central Committee of Statistics, Vice-Chairman of the Advisory Council for Science Policy of the Netherlands Government, and member of the Social Economic Council of the Netherlands. From 1957 to 1966, he was Director of the Netherlands' Central Planning Bureau
Tinbergen's work: Change and continuity
This article provides an overview of Tinbergen's economic writings, comprising well over 900 publications. Six broad areas have been distinguished to allow for the classification and discussion of Tinbergen's economic work. These six areas embody the change in Tinbergen's areas of interest apart from the shift from physics to economics early in his career. Tinbergen's work, however, is not only characterised by change of areas but also by continuity in approach. To mark this continuity four main characteristics of Tinbergen's work have been elaborated. The article concludes with Tinbergen's observations on the achievements to be expected from scientific research.
J. Kol was Associate Professor of International Economics and Economic Integration at the Faculty of Economics of the Erasmus University in Rotterdam; P. de Wolff is Emeritus Professor at the University of Amsterdam and was Director of the Central Planning Bureau in The Hague as successor of J. Tinbergen. The authors are grateful to Mrs. I.M. Lageweg and Mr C.J. van Opijnen for their assistance with references
A Simplified Model of the Causation of Technological Unemployment
Also published in: âJan Tinbergen Selected Papersâ, edited by L.H. Klaassen, L.M. Koyck and H.J. Witteveen, Nort- Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1959, pp. 165-181The purpose of the present paper is to find the influence on employment
of some of the outstanding "data" (extra-economic determining
factor-). For this purpose, a simplified model has been constructed in
which these data and the chief economic variables find their places.
Since it is not intended to picture cyclic variations and causations, the
model may be called a "long-run model." It excludes some of the most
typical cyclical phenomena such as stock-exchange speculation and
the existence of small lags of all kinds which are of importance to the
explar~ationo f cyclcs but do not seen1 to be so for long-run developments.
Since the investigators were interested chiefly in studying the consequences
of technological development for employnlent and the consequences
of some of the best-known devices to improve employment,
spccial attention was given to the corresponding sections of economic
life.
Thc calculations have been made for the United States prewar structure
(using figures for 1910) and for the postwar pre-Roosevelt structure
(using averages for 1919-1932
Radio-quiet and radio-loud pulsars: similar in Gamma-rays but different in X-rays
We present new Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of a sample of eight
radio-quiet Gamma-ray pulsars detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. For
all eight pulsars we identify the X-ray counterpart, based on the X-ray source
localization and the best position obtained from Gamma-ray pulsar timing. For
PSR J2030+4415 we found evidence for an about 10 arcsec-long pulsar wind
nebula. Our new results consolidate the work from Marelli et al. 2011 and
confirm that, on average, the Gamma-ray--to--X-ray flux ratios (Fgamma/Fx) of
radio-quiet pulsars are higher than for the radio-loud ones. Furthermore, while
the Fgamma/Fx distribution features a single peak for the radio-quiet pulsars,
the distribution is more dispersed for the radio-loud ones, possibly showing
two peaks. We discuss possible implications of these different distributions
based on current models for pulsar X-ray emission.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal; 12 pages, 3
figures, 2 table
Spin-Peierls transition in TiOCl
Temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction of the low-dimensional spin 1/2
quantum magnet TiOCl shows that the phase transition at T_{c2} = 90 K
corresponds to a lowering of the lattice symmetry. Below T_{c1} = 66 K a
twofold superstructure develops, that indicates the formation of spin-singlet
pairs via direct exchange between neighboring Ti atoms, while the role of
superexchange is found to be negligible. TiOCl thus is identified as a
spin-Peierls system of pure 1D chains of atoms. The first-order character of
the transition at T_{c1} is explained by the competition between the
structurally deformed state below T_{c2} and the spin-Peierls state below
T_{c1}.Comment: Phys. Rev. B (Rapid Communications) in pres
Finite Size Scaling of the 2D Six-Clock model
We investigate the isotropic-anisotropic phase transition of the
two-dimensional XY model with six-fold anisotropy, using Monte Carlo
renormalization group method. The result indicates difficulty of observing
asymptotic critical behavior in Monte Carlo simulations, owing to the marginal
flow at the fixed point.Comment: Short note. revtex, 6 pages, 3 figures. To appear in J. Phys. Soc.
Jpn. Vol.70 No. 2 (Feb 2001
Combination of improved multibondic method and the Wang-Landau method
We propose a method for Monte Carlo simulation of statistical physical models
with discretized energy. The method is based on several ideas including the
cluster algorithm, the multicanonical Monte Carlo method and its acceleration
proposed recently by Wang and Landau. As in the multibondic ensemble method
proposed by Janke and Kappler, the present algorithm performs a random walk in
the space of the bond population to yield the state density as a function of
the bond number. A test on the Ising model shows that the number of Monte Carlo
sweeps required of the present method for obtaining the density of state with a
given accuracy is proportional to the system size, whereas it is proportional
to the system size squared for other conventional methods. In addition, the new
method shows a better performance than the original Wang-Landau method in
measurement of physical quantities.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure
Broad histogram relation for the bond number and its applications
We discuss Monte Carlo methods based on the cluster (graph) representation
for spin models. We derive a rigorous broad histogram relation (BHR) for the
bond number; a counterpart for the energy was derived by Oliveira previously. A
Monte Carlo dynamics based on the number of potential moves for the bond number
is proposed. We show the efficiency of the BHR for the bond number in
calculating the density of states and other physical quantities.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure
Development and performance of the Clinical Trials ESSDAI (ClinTrialsESSDAI), consisting of frequently active clinical domains, in two randomised controlled trials in primary Sjogren's syndrome
Solid Surface Structure Affects Liquid Order at the Polystyrene/SAM Interface
We present a combined x-ray and neutron reflectivity study characterizing the
interface between polystyrene (PS) and silanized surfaces. Motivated by the
large difference in slip velocity of PS on top of dodecyl-trichlorosilane (DTS)
and octadecyl-trichlorosilane (OTS) found in previous studies, these two
systems were chosen for the present investigation. The results reveal the
molecular conformation of PS on silanized silicon. Differences in the molecular
tilt of OTS and DTS are replicated by the adjacent phenyl rings of the PS. We
discuss our findings in terms of a potential link between the microscopic
interfacial structure and dynamic properties of polymeric liquids at
interfaces
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