Industrial Policies and Strategies, 2: The Netherlands

In the coming years the world will be undergoing a major structural transformation as the size, composition, and geographic distribution of industry changes under the influence of: -- increases in factor prizes: energy, labor; -- depletion of resources: minerals, cheap liquid fuels; -- changes in technology: microelectronics, biotechnology; -- industrialization of the LDCs. The already-industrialized nations, whose industrial structure was shaped by relatively inexpensive energy and easy access to resources, will find certain sectors losing competitiveness to newly-industrialized nations with access to similar technologies, and cheaper labor. The newly-industrializing nations will strive to increase their portion of the global industrial pie, while the industrialized nations will compete with each other to preserve their shares. At the same time, population increase and economic development will place new demands both for employment and for goods on the industrial system. At the national level, this transformation will affect economic growth, employment, regional development, balance of payments, R&D, and many other sensitive constituents of national well-being. For the small economies that have a relatively large foreign trade sector, the transformation can be traumatic. Even the large, autarkic economies will face substantial challenges. IIASA is now beginning an exploration of the role that it might play in analyzing and improving understanding of the global and national issues arising from this transformation of the international industrial structure. One part of the exploration has been the commissioning of a series of papers by outside specialists. A central question for all nations in the face of the industrial transformation is: what strategy should be followed to maximize the prospects of national well-being, given the anticipated changes? The second paper in the series addresses this question for a medium-sized nation with a very open economy: The Netherlands. Its author, Dr. Pieter de Wolff, is Chairman of the Dutch Central Committee of Statistics, Vice-Chairman of the Advisory Council for Science Policy of the Netherlands Government, and member of the Social Economic Council of the Netherlands. From 1957 to 1966, he was Director of the Netherlands' Central Planning Bureau

Tinbergen's work: Change and continuity

This article provides an overview of Tinbergen's economic writings, comprising well over 900 publications. Six broad areas have been distinguished to allow for the classification and discussion of Tinbergen's economic work. These six areas embody the change in Tinbergen's areas of interest apart from the shift from physics to economics early in his career. Tinbergen's work, however, is not only characterised by change of areas but also by continuity in approach. To mark this continuity four main characteristics of Tinbergen's work have been elaborated. The article concludes with Tinbergen's observations on the achievements to be expected from scientific research. J. Kol was Associate Professor of International Economics and Economic Integration at the Faculty of Economics of the Erasmus University in Rotterdam; P. de Wolff is Emeritus Professor at the University of Amsterdam and was Director of the Central Planning Bureau in The Hague as successor of J. Tinbergen. The authors are grateful to Mrs. I.M. Lageweg and Mr C.J. van Opijnen for their assistance with references

A Simplified Model of the Causation of Technological Unemployment

Also published in: ‘Jan Tinbergen Selected Papers’, edited by L.H. Klaassen, L.M. Koyck and H.J. Witteveen, Nort- Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1959, pp. 165-181The purpose of the present paper is to find the influence on employment of some of the outstanding "data" (extra-economic determining factor-). For this purpose, a simplified model has been constructed in which these data and the chief economic variables find their places. Since it is not intended to picture cyclic variations and causations, the model may be called a "long-run model." It excludes some of the most typical cyclical phenomena such as stock-exchange speculation and the existence of small lags of all kinds which are of importance to the explar~ationo f cyclcs but do not seen1 to be so for long-run developments. Since the investigators were interested chiefly in studying the consequences of technological development for employnlent and the consequences of some of the best-known devices to improve employment, spccial attention was given to the corresponding sections of economic life. Thc calculations have been made for the United States prewar structure (using figures for 1910) and for the postwar pre-Roosevelt structure (using averages for 1919-1932

Radio-quiet and radio-loud pulsars: similar in Gamma-rays but different in X-rays

We present new Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of a sample of eight radio-quiet Gamma-ray pulsars detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. For all eight pulsars we identify the X-ray counterpart, based on the X-ray source localization and the best position obtained from Gamma-ray pulsar timing. For PSR J2030+4415 we found evidence for an about 10 arcsec-long pulsar wind nebula. Our new results consolidate the work from Marelli et al. 2011 and confirm that, on average, the Gamma-ray--to--X-ray flux ratios (Fgamma/Fx) of radio-quiet pulsars are higher than for the radio-loud ones. Furthermore, while the Fgamma/Fx distribution features a single peak for the radio-quiet pulsars, the distribution is more dispersed for the radio-loud ones, possibly showing two peaks. We discuss possible implications of these different distributions based on current models for pulsar X-ray emission.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal; 12 pages, 3 figures, 2 table

Spin-Peierls transition in TiOCl

Temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction of the low-dimensional spin 1/2 quantum magnet TiOCl shows that the phase transition at T_{c2} = 90 K corresponds to a lowering of the lattice symmetry. Below T_{c1} = 66 K a twofold superstructure develops, that indicates the formation of spin-singlet pairs via direct exchange between neighboring Ti atoms, while the role of superexchange is found to be negligible. TiOCl thus is identified as a spin-Peierls system of pure 1D chains of atoms. The first-order character of the transition at T_{c1} is explained by the competition between the structurally deformed state below T_{c2} and the spin-Peierls state below T_{c1}.Comment: Phys. Rev. B (Rapid Communications) in pres

Finite Size Scaling of the 2D Six-Clock model

We investigate the isotropic-anisotropic phase transition of the two-dimensional XY model with six-fold anisotropy, using Monte Carlo renormalization group method. The result indicates difficulty of observing asymptotic critical behavior in Monte Carlo simulations, owing to the marginal flow at the fixed point.Comment: Short note. revtex, 6 pages, 3 figures. To appear in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. Vol.70 No. 2 (Feb 2001

Combination of improved multibondic method and the Wang-Landau method

We propose a method for Monte Carlo simulation of statistical physical models with discretized energy. The method is based on several ideas including the cluster algorithm, the multicanonical Monte Carlo method and its acceleration proposed recently by Wang and Landau. As in the multibondic ensemble method proposed by Janke and Kappler, the present algorithm performs a random walk in the space of the bond population to yield the state density as a function of the bond number. A test on the Ising model shows that the number of Monte Carlo sweeps required of the present method for obtaining the density of state with a given accuracy is proportional to the system size, whereas it is proportional to the system size squared for other conventional methods. In addition, the new method shows a better performance than the original Wang-Landau method in measurement of physical quantities.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure

Broad histogram relation for the bond number and its applications

We discuss Monte Carlo methods based on the cluster (graph) representation for spin models. We derive a rigorous broad histogram relation (BHR) for the bond number; a counterpart for the energy was derived by Oliveira previously. A Monte Carlo dynamics based on the number of potential moves for the bond number is proposed. We show the efficiency of the BHR for the bond number in calculating the density of states and other physical quantities.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

Solid Surface Structure Affects Liquid Order at the Polystyrene/SAM Interface

We present a combined x-ray and neutron reflectivity study characterizing the interface between polystyrene (PS) and silanized surfaces. Motivated by the large difference in slip velocity of PS on top of dodecyl-trichlorosilane (DTS) and octadecyl-trichlorosilane (OTS) found in previous studies, these two systems were chosen for the present investigation. The results reveal the molecular conformation of PS on silanized silicon. Differences in the molecular tilt of OTS and DTS are replicated by the adjacent phenyl rings of the PS. We discuss our findings in terms of a potential link between the microscopic interfacial structure and dynamic properties of polymeric liquids at interfaces