Control de malezas en algodón

Debido al daño que causan las malezas en los algodonales se hace necesario su control para obtener mejores resultados. Se advierte que si durante los primeros 40 días no se controlan las malezas, los rendimientos disminuyen en un 30 por ciento. Se explican los distintos métodos de control existentes : control cultural que consiste en hacer buena preparación del suelo, fertilizar de acuerdo al análisis hecho al suelo, usar semillas mejoradas y sembrar de acuerdo a la densidad y distancia de siembra recomendadas para obtener un cultivo vigoroso, buen control de plagas y de malezas al igual que rotación de cultivos, control mecánico que consiste en el uso de implementos como cultivadora o azadón rotativo, en forma rápida y adecuada para mantener el cultivo libre de malezas, control químico, se refiere al uso de productos químicos. Se presenta un cuadro de la susceptibilidad de las malezas más comunes en el cultivo del algodón a los herbicidas recomendados. Se hace una explicación de los herbicidas de pre-siembra incorporados y preemergentes y se dan recomendaciones sobre el control químico de malezas en algodón, basadas en una investigación intensiva realizada por el Programa de Fisiología Vegetal del ICA. Se presentan además, recomendaciones para el control de malezas en algodón, incluyendo el nombre del herbicida, la dosis de aplicación según la clase de sueloAlgodón-Gossypium herbaceu

Is Social Assistance Contributing to Higher Informality in Turkey?

Although still low for European standards, investments in Social Assistance (SA) transfers in Turkey have been increasing in recent years. The government is expanding access to subsidized health for individuals in the informal sector through a rapid expansion of the Green Card program. Generous non-contributory programs, such as the Green Card, may create perverse incentives for individuals to join or remain in the informal sector as they can access free services without paying taxes and/or contributions, thus potentially being able to get higher “net” labor earnings than in the formal sector. Despite the fact that the Green Card is a large and generous program offered to individuals in the informal sector, empirical analysis in this report does not find an actual impact of the program (or of its rapid expansion) on informality. The reason behind this finding is the existence of a very large differential in wages between formal and informal workers explained by differences worker’s productivity. Low-wage workers facing the possibility to move from the informal sector to the formal sector would have strong incentives to do so even if this would imply losing all SA benefits. As such, the expected monetary and job security gains of having a formal job dominate those of having an informal job even after accounting for SA transfers

Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) for young people in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The world is facing a worsening youth employment crisis. In response, technical and vocational education and training (TVET) is back on the development agenda after years of neglect. This systematic review examined the evidence from studies evaluating the impacts of TVET interventions for young people in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The 26 included studies evaluated 20 different interventions, predominantly from Latin America. Meta-analyses of the effectiveness of TVET on five outcome measure categories were conducted. The overall mean effects on overall paid employment, formal employment, and monthly earnings were small, positive, and significant; however, significant heterogeneity was observed. Moderator analysis was performed in an attempt to explain between-study differences in effects. The overall paucity of research in this area, together with specific gaps and methodological limitations, affirm the need for strengthening the evidence base. Implications for policy, practice and research are discussed

Education, health, and labor-force supply:Broadening human capital for national development in Malawi

Education and health are both capital investments in national development, often viewed as independent factors on a country’s labor force supply and productivity. This study uses the 2010–2011 Third Integrated Household Survey in Malawi to propose an Education-enhanced Health Human Capital (EHHC) model where education influences labor force supply directly as well as indirectly through improvements in adult health. Relative to the Health Human Capital (HHC) model, the EHHC model better fits the available data, capturing the multiple effects of education. A national economic simulation of the 2013 age 13 cohort in Malawi confirms the importance of education as a tool for national development. Specifically, if the mean education of the age 13 cohort increased from the present national mean to the completion of secondary school, the total effects of education would lead to a predicted increase in annual tax revenue of 580 million Malawian Kwacha