Assimilation via prices or quantities? Sources of immigrant earnings growth in Australia, Canada and the United States

Using 1980/81 and 1990/91 census data from Australia, Canada, and the United States, we estimate the effects of time in the destination country on male immigrants’ wages, employment, and earnings. We find that total earnings assimilation is greatest in the United States and least in Australia. Employment assimilation explains all of the earnings progress experienced by Australian immigrants, whereas wage assimilation plays the dominant role in the United States, and Canada falls in-between. We argue that relatively inflexible wages and generous unemployment insurance in countries like Australia may cause assimilation to occur along the “quantity” rather than the price dimension

Anode Fabrication for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Electroless and Electrodeposition of Nickel and Silver into Doped Ceria Scaffolds

© 2016 The Authors.A novel fabrication method using electroless and electrodeposited Ni/Ag/GDC for SOFC anodes is presented. First a porous Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-x (GDC) scaffold was deposited on a YSZ electrolyte by screen printing and sintering. The scaffold was then metallized with silver using Tollens reaction, followed by electrodeposition of nickel from a Watts bath. The electrodes (Ni/Ag/GDC) were tested in both symmetrical and fuel cell configurations. The microstructures of the Ni/Ag/GDC anodes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Nano-particles of Ni formed in the porous GDC scaffold provided triple phase boundaries (TPB). The electronic conductivity of the Ni/Ag/GDC (3.5/24.7/71.8 vol%) electrode was good even at relatively low Ni volume fractions. The electrochemical performance was examined in different concentrations of humidified hydrogen (3% H2O) and over a range of temperatures (600-750 °C). The total area specific resistance (ASR) of the anode at 750 °C in humidified 97 vol% H2 was 1.12 Ω cm2, with low-frequency polarization (R-l) as the largest contributor. The electrodes were successfully integrated into a fuel cell and operated in both H2 and syngas

Juventud Sin Futuro

This paper looks at the subjective experiences of Spanish organized youth who are being affected by the economic crisis. This paper follows a standpoint epistemology. This research focuses on how their practices question the current dominant discourse depicting today’s Spanish youth as a “lost generation”. Theory on generation is used in order to denote the problematic idea of trying to identify today what can only be defined (in the future). Ideas from anarchist politics and autonomous movements are used to explore Spanish youth current ways of organizing and making politics. Post- structuralist theory is used to explore the influence of discourses in constructing reality. The theories used, together with the stories collected through fieldwork invite us to: First, consider other realities and possibilities of future. Specifically the ones that don’t follow the dominant way of being economically developed. Second, move from the event that defines a cohort (economic crisis) in order to focus on the experiences of those who are being affected by it. Finally, look at the ways these youth are resisting and organizing, creating alternatives within the context of economic crisis

Women, Youth and the Economic Crisis in Southern Europe

__Abstract__ The paper raises questions about how the economic crisis is being played out ‘in place’ taking an embodied, generational and gender perspective. We place in a political context – examining how global realities are experienced in place and argue that we need to look at the every day realities of the crisis from a gendered and generational perspective in order to counter grand narratives of gloom and doom where women (whether old, young, migrant, heterosexual or otherwise) are particular victims. We seek to show how by contextualizing the gendered and generational realities of the crisis in southern Europe can we change the narrative of overwhelming paralyzing crisis to one of potential transformation. We focus on the rise of resistance, solidarity economies and new types of communities in the search for alternatives to neoliberal capitalism by women and youth in southern Europe. We look at how people are organizing differently as a result of the crises, creating news forms of political economic and social relations. Dominant narratives tend to exclude the stories of the unprivileged in such reshapings of political, economic and social relations, this paper is the beginnings of bringing the experience and understandings of women and youth in southern Europe to the centre of the analysis of the economic crisis in Europe

Rapid grain growth in post-AGB disc systems from far-infrared and sub-millimetre photometry

The timescales on which astronomical dust grows remain poorly understood, with important consequences for our understanding of processes like circumstellar disk evolution and planet formation.A number of post-asymptotic giant branch stars are found to host optically thick, dust- and gas-rich circumstellar discs in Keplerian orbits. These discs exhibit evidence of dust evolution, similar to protoplanetary discs; however since post-AGB discs have substantially shorter lifetimes than protoplanetary discs they may provide new insights on the grain-growth process. We examine a sample of post-AGB stars with discs to determine the FIR and sub-mm spectral index by homogeneously fitting a sample of data from \textit{Herschel}, the SMA and the literature. We find that grain growth to at least hundreds of micrometres is ubiquitous in these systems, and that the distribution of spectral indices is more similar to that of protoplanetary discs than debris discs. No correlation is found with the mid-infrared colours of the discs, implying that grain growth occurs independently of the disc structure in post-AGB discs. We infer that grain growth to $\sim$mm sizes must occur on timescales $<<10^{5}$ yr, perhaps by orders of magnitude, as the lifetimes of these discs are expected to be $\lesssim10^{5}$~yr and all objects have converged to the same state. This growth timescale is short compared to the results of models for protoplanetary discs including fragmentation, and may provide new constraints on the physics of grain growth.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Non-perturbative Quantum Propagators in Bounded Spaces

We outline a new approach to calculating the quantum mechanical propagator in the presence of geometrically non-trivial Dirichlet boundary conditions based upon a generalisation of an integral transform of the propagator studied in previous work (the so-called ``hit function''), and a convergent sequence of Pad\'e approximants. In this paper the generalised hit function is defined as a many-point propagator and we describe its relation to the sum over trajectories in the Feynman path integral. We then show how it can be used to calculate the Feynman propagator. We calculate analytically all such hit functions in $D=1$ and $D=3$ dimensions, giving recursion relations between them in the same or different dimensions and apply the results to the simple cases of propagation in the presence of perfectly conducting planar and spherical plates. We use these results to conjecture a general analytical formula for the propagator when Dirichlet boundary conditions are present in a given geometry, also explaining how it can be extended for application for more general, non-localised potentials. Our work has resonance with previous results obtained by Grosche in the study of path integrals in the presence of delta potentials. We indicate the eventual application in a relativistic context to determining Casimir energies using this technique.Comment: 26 pages,6 figures, 5 appendice

The infective cycle of Cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV) is affected by CRUMPLED LEAF (CRL) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Geminiviruses are single-stranded DNA viruses that cause serious crop losses worldwide. Successful infection by these pathogens depends extensively on virus-host intermolecular interactions that allow them to express their gene products, to replicate their genomes and to move to adjacent cells and throughout the plant.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To identify host genes that show an altered regulation in response to <it>Cabbage leaf curl virus </it>(CaLCuV) infection, a screening of transposant <it>Arabidopsis thaliana </it>lines was carried out. Several genes were identified to be virus responsive and one, <it>Crumpled leaf </it>(<it>CRL) </it>gene, was selected for further characterization. <it>CRL </it>was previously reported by Asano et al., (2004) to affect the morphogenesis of all plant organs and the division of plastids. We report here that <it>CRL </it>expression, during CaLCuV infection, shows a short but strong induction at an early stage (3-5 days post inoculation, dpi). To study the role of <it>CRL </it>in CaLCuV infection, <it>CRL </it>over-expressing and silenced transgenic plants were generated. We compared the replication, movement and infectivity of CaLCuV in transgenic and wild type plants.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results showed that CRL over-expressing plants showed an increased susceptibility to CaLCuV infection (as compared to wt plants) whereas <it>CRL</it>-silenced plants, on the contrary, presented a reduced susceptibility to viral infection. The possible role of <it>CRL </it>in the CaLCuV infection cycle is discussed.</p