Developmental Sex Differences in Nicotinic Currents of Prefrontal Layer VI Neurons in Mice and Rats

There is a large sex difference in the prevalence of attention deficit disorder; yet, relatively little is known about sex differences in the development of prefrontal attention circuitry. In male rats, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors excite corticothalamic neurons in layer VI, which are thought to play an important role in attention by gating the sensitivity of thalamic neurons to incoming stimuli. These nicotinic currents in male rats are significantly larger during the first postnatal month when prefrontal circuitry is maturing. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether there are sex differences in the nicotinic currents in prefrontal layer VI neurons during development.Using whole cell recording in prefrontal brain slice, we examined the inward currents elicited by nicotinic stimulation in male and female rats and two strains of mice. We found a prominent sex difference in the currents during the first postnatal month when males had significantly greater nicotinic currents in layer VI neurons compared to females. These differences were apparent with three agonists: acetylcholine, carbachol, and nicotine. Furthermore, the developmental sex difference in nicotinic currents occurred despite male and female rodents displaying a similar pattern and proportion of layer VI neurons possessing a key nicotinic receptor subunit.This is the first illustration at a cellular level that prefrontal attention circuitry is differently affected by nicotinic receptor stimulation in males and females during development. This transient sex difference may help to define the cellular and circuit mechanisms that underlie vulnerability to attention deficit disorder

When can an enhanced critical care team add value to equestrian related incidents? A retrospective observational study

BACKGROUND: Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) may be tasked to equestrian related incidents. Previous studies have suggested that majority of patients do not require HEMS specific interventions. No data has been published since 2015 so this article aims to establish the current incidence of equestrian incidents attended by one UK HEMS and identify trends that would aid the dispatch of HEMS to the patients who most need it. METHODS: A retrospective review of the computerised record system for one UK HEMS was performed between 1st January 2015-30th June 2022. Demographic data, timings, suspected injury pattern and HEMS specific intervention details were extracted. The 20 patients with the highest confirmed injury burden were reviewed in detail. RESULTS: 257 patients (229 female) were treated by HEMS (0.02% of all HEMS dispatches). Of those 124 dispatches were due to interrogation of the 999 calls by a clinician on the dispatch desk. Only 52% were conveyed to hospital by the HEMS team; 51% had no HEMS specific intervention. Of the 20 most severely injured patients their pathology included splenic, liver, spinal cord and traumatic brain injuries. CONCLUSION: Whilst HEMS dispatches to equestrian incidents remain a small percentage, there are four mechanisms that may benefit due to potential injury burden: fall onto head with suggestion of hyper-extension or hyper-flexion injury; kick to the torso; horse fallen or repetitively rolled onto patient and, no movement of patient since incident. In addition, age >50 years should be considered as higher risk

Implementasi Konsep East Kalimantan Journey Pada Interior Museum Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Mulawarman Di Tenggarong

Indonesia yang adalah negara kepulauan memiliki beragam kebudayaan yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia. Akan tetapi banyak fasilitas untuk menampung kebudayan di masing-masing daerah kurang dimaksimalkan. Salah satunya adalah Museum Provinsi Kalimantan Timur “Mulawarman” di Tenggarong yang memiliki lebih dari 5000 koleksi tetapi jumlah pengunjung masih sangat jauh di bawah rata-rata, sehingga pendapatan berkurang dan mengakibatkan kurang adanya perhatian dalam merawat museum ini. Oleh karena itu, redesain interior Museum Provinsi Kalimantan Timur ini yang mengangkat konsep sebuah perjalanan melintasi Kalimantan Timur, penyajian koleksi museum akan disajikan berdasarkan kronologisnya. Museum ini di desain dengan dasar ketertarikan pengunjung sehingga mengutamakan unsur rekreatif dan entertain-nya tetapi tanpa mengesampingkan unsur konservatif, edukatif, dan informatif. Dengan adanya redesain interior Museum Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, dapat menaikkan citra Kalimantan Timur dan membuat Kalimantan Timur lebih dikenal di Indonesia bahkan di dunia