Évaluation de l’effet insecticide de l’extrait acétonique des feuilles séchées de Calotropis procera Ait. (Asclepiadaceae) chez les adultes de Anopheles gambiae, Maroua (Cameroun)

L’efficacité de l’extrait acétonique des feuilles de Calotropis procera a été évaluée sur les adultes de Anopheles gambiae de la ville de Maroua (Cameroun) par la méthode de la moustiquaire imprégnée. La poudre des feuilles de cette plante a été extraite à l’acétone et dilué à l’hexane à des concentrations suivantes : 8,45mg ; 23,35mg, 42,25mg ; 59,15mg et 84,5mg pour imprégner une surface de moustiquaire de 1,69 cm2. Les parcelles de moustiquaire imprégnées sont fixées à la base des cônes calqués sur le modèle des cônes-OMS. Après 24 heures d’exposition, nous avons obtenu 100% de mortalité des moustiques aux concentrations 59,15mg et 84,5mg. La concentration létale 50 (CL50) est de 3,03 g/m² et l’heure létale 50 (HL50) est de 7 h 31 min17s. Toutefois, ces valeurs de CL50 et HL50 sont très élevées comparativement à la Moustiquaire Imprégnée (MILDA) de l’Insecticide Deltaméthrine (55 mg/m2) qui est à Longue Durée d’Action et efficace à la CL50 de 2,30 x10-4 g/m2 et HL50 de 2h11mn13s. Ce qui signifie que la moustiquaire-MILDA est plus efficace que l’extrait des feuilles de Calotropis procera.Mots clés: Calotropis procera, effet insecticide, moustiquaire imprégnée, Anopheles gambiae, Maroua, Cameroun

Enquête épidémiologique sur les parasitoses urinaires et intestinales chez les élèves des écoles primaires de l’arrondissement de Maga, Extrême-Nord Cameroun

Une étude épidémiologique sur les parasitoses urinaires et intestinales a été menée dans trois écoles primaires (EP Maga IA, EP Maga IIA, EPC Maga) de l’arrondissement de Maga, Extrême-Nord Cameroun. Le but de l’étude était de rechercher les oeufs et/ou les adultes des parasites dans les selles et les urines des élèves desdites écoles afin d’établir les fréquences. Un échantillon de 540 élèves a répondu à un questionnaire et ces mêmes élèves ont subi des examens de selles et d’urines. Au terme des investigations, les espèces de parasites suivantes avec leur prévalence ont été identifiées: Schistosoma haematobium (19,26%), Schistosoma mansoni (2,22%), Trichomonas intestinalis (2,96%), Entamoeba histolytica (5,56%). Les schistosomiases viennent en tête avec une prévalence de 21,48%, suivies des protozoaires avec une prévalence de 8,52%. La prévalence globale pour ces quatre (04) espèces de parasites est estimée à 30%, ce qui fait de Maga une zone mésoendémique.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Enquête épidémiologique, parasitoses urinaires et intestinales, élèves, Maga, CamerounEnglish Title: Epidemiological investigation of urinary and intestinal parasites among primary schoolchildren in the district Maga, Far North CameroonEnglish AbstractAn epidemiological study on urinary and intestinal parasites was conducted in three primary schools (EP Maga IA, IIA EP Maga, Maga EPC) of the district of Maga, Far North region Cameroon. The aim of the study was to investigate the eggs and or parasites adults in faeces and urine in order to establish the prevalence. A sample of 540 students answered a questionnaire and underwent tests of stool and urine. After investigations,  the following species of parasites with their prevalence have been identified: Schistosoma haematobium (19.26%), Schistosoma mansoni (2.22%), Trichomonas intestinalis (2.96%) and Entamoeba histolytica (5.56%). Schistosomiases are in the lead with a prevalence of 21.48%, followed by protozoa with a prevalence of 8.52%. Overall prevalence for these four parasite species is 30%, what makes Maga a meso-endemic area.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Epidemiological investigation, urinary and intestinal diseases, pupils, Maga, Cameroo

Epidemiological survey of urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis in Mayo-Louti Division, Northern Region Cameroon

Objective: In order to determine the presence of bilharzia parasites in the populations, an epidemiological study on urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis was conducted from 09 September 2012 to 14 June 2013 in three villages namely: Badadji, Ouro-Marey and Kakala in Mayo-Louti Sub-Division, North Region Cameroon.Methodology and results: A sample of 1080 people provided answers for the questionnaire and underwent urine and stools tests. The results revealed the presence of two types of schistosomes: Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni. The overall prevalence for these two species is 38.52%. The prevalence of each species was higher for S. haematobium (28.85%), S. mansoni (11.66 %). The infestation did not depend on sex; prevalence is 20.92% for females against 17.60% for males. A non-significant difference was noted between the sexes (E2 = 2.534, df = 1, p> 0.05). Two types of infections affected all age groups with a clear dominance of Schistosoma haematobium in all age groups. Youth between 0-10 years were most affected by both species, with an average rate of 22.22% compared to 10-20 years old (19.44%) and 16.11% for adult who are more than 20 years old. The village of Ouro-Marey, with 47.22% of prevalence rate for Schistosoma haematobium is the most affected by the species against 27.77% and 5.55% for Kakala and for Badadji villages respectively. For cons, the Badadji village has the highest prevalence of S. mansoni (32.77%) against (1.11%) for each of the other two villages. The presence of ectopic egg in urine of S. mansoni (0.18%) in a girl at Ouro-Marey shows that this village was a former home for the S. haematobium.Conclusion: We have noticed that populations are unaware of existence of bilharzia parasite in their environment. They do not know the means or way of transmission the bilharzia. Infected people are needed to be treated and it is appropriate to sensitize the populations in order to avoid the contact with bilharzia.Key words: Epidemiological survey, prevalence, schistosomiasis, stool, urine, North Cameroon

Epidemiological survey on schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in primary schools in the Sub-Division of Taïbong-Dziguilao, Far-North Region Cameroon

Objective: To assess the current state of schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni) in Taïbong Sub Division, in Mayo-Kani Division, an epidemiological survey was conducted from September to November 2014 in four government primary schools, to determine the prevalence of these human parasites.Methodology and results: 360 pupils responded to a previously developed questionnaire and underwent urine and stool tests. The examination of urinary sediment and stool samples under the microscope revealed a prevalence of 05.83% (21/360) of bladder schistosomiasis caused by S. haematobium and 1.11% (04/360) of intestinal schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni. The age groups of 9-11 years had the highest prevalence rate with 7.5% (09/120); while the prevalence rate in the age group of 6-8 years was 5.83% (07/120) and the lowest was the age group 12-14 years with (4.17%) (05/120).A non-significant difference (χ2 = 0.21, df= 1, p> 0.05) was noted between the sexes. Girls and boys presented the same proportions in terms of infestation with S. haematobium (5.81%; 10/172) for girls against (5.85%; 11/188) for boys. The public primary school Dziguilao II is the most affected by schistosomiasis with (10/90; 11.11%).Conclusion: This study assessed the current level of endemicity of urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis in human populations of this mixed focus and permitted to put in place adequate means of perpetual control of these parasitic diseases.Keywords: Epidemiological survey, Schistosomiasis, prevalence, pupils, Taïbong, Cameroo