385 research outputs found
Interfacial mixing during annealing of zinc oxide nanoparticle junctions
The process of forming a junction between crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles during pulsed thermal annealing in liquid tetradecane is studied using molecular dynamics simulation. Pairs of equal and unequal size particles are considered with emphasis on neck growth and atom mixing. The contact area and interface width of the junction are found to increase with heat pulse power albeit at different rates. The results suggest that it is possible to increase the junction area without significant mixing of atoms across the junction interface by tailoring the heat pulse power
Thermal conductivity reduction in core-shell nanowires
Nanostructuring of thermoelectric materials bears promise for manipulating physical parameters to improve the energy conversion efficiency of thermoelectrics. Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics, we investigate how the thermal conductivity can be altered in core-shell nanocomposites of Si and Ge. By calculating the phonon vibrational density of states and performing normal mode analysis, we show that the thermal conductivity decreases when phonon-transport becomes diffusion-dominated and unveil a competition between modes from the various regions of the nanocomposite (core, interface, and shell). The effects of nanowire length, cross section, and temperature on thermal conductivity are explicitly considered. Surprisingly, the thermal conductivity variation with nanowire length is much weaker than in pure nanowires. Also, the thermal conductivity is almost independent of temperature in the wide region between 50 and 600 K, a direct result of confinement of the core by the shell. These results suggest that core-shell nanowires are promising structures for thermoelectrics
Significant Reduction of Thermal Conductivity in Si/Ge Core-Shell Nanowires
We report on the effect of germanium (Ge) coatings on the thermal transport properties of silicon (Si) nanowires using nonequilibrium
molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that a simple
deposition of a Ge shell of only 1 to 2 unit cells in thickness on a
single crystalline Si nanowire can lead to a dramatic 75% decrease in
thermal conductivity at room temperature compared to an uncoated Si
nanowire. By analyzing the vibrational density states of phonons and
the participation ratio of each specific mode, we demonstrate that the
reduction in the thermal conductivity of Si/Ge core hell nanowire stems
from the depression and localization of long-wavelength phonon modes at
the Si/Ge interface and of high frequency nonpropagating diffusive
modes
Printable Nanoscopic Metamaterial Absorbers and Images with Diffraction-Limited Resolution
The fabrication of functional metamaterials with extreme feature resolution
finds a host of applications such as the broad area of surface/light
interaction. Non-planar features of such structures can significantly enhance
their performance and tunability, but their facile generation remains a
challenge. Here, we show that carefully designed out-of-plane nanopillars made
of metal-dielectric composites integrated in a metal-dielectric-nanocomposite
configuration, can absorb broadband light very effectively. We further
demonstrate that electrohydrodynamic printing in a rapid nanodripping mode, is
able to generate precise out-of-plane forests of such composite nanopillars
with deposition resolutions at the diffraction limit on flat and non-flat
substrates. The nanocomposite nature of the printed material allows the
fine-tuning of the overall visible light absorption from complete absorption to
complete reflection by simply tuning the pillar height. Almost perfect
absorption (~95%) over the entire visible spectrum is achieved by a nanopillar
forest covering only 6% of the printed area. Adjusting the height of individual
pillar groups by design, we demonstrate on-demand control of the gray scale of
a micrograph with a spatial resolution of 400 nm. These results constitute a
significant step forward in ultra-high resolution facile fabrication of
out-of-plane nanostructures, important to a broad palette of light design
applications. nanostructures, important to a broad palette of light design
applications
Spatial wavefront shaping with a multipolar-resonant metasurface for structured illumination microscopy
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) achieves superresolution in
fluorescence imaging through patterned illumination and computational image
reconstruction, yet current methods require bulky, costly modulation optics and
high-precision optical alignment. This work demonstrates how nano-optical
metasurfaces, rationally designed to tailor the optical wavefront at
sub-wavelength dimensions, hold great potential as ultrathin, single-surface,
all-optical wavefront modulators for SIM. We computationally demonstrate this
principle with a multipolar-resonant metasurface composed of silicon
nanostructures which generate versatile optical wavefronts in the far field
upon variation of the polarization or angle of incident light. Algorithmic
optimization is performed to identify the seven most suitable illumination
patterns for SIM generated by the metasurface based on three key criteria. We
find that multipolar-resonant metasurface SIM (mrm-SIM) achieves resolution
comparable to conventional methods by applying the seven optimal
metasurface-generated wavefronts to simulated fluorescent objects and
reconstructing the objects using proximal gradient descent. The work presented
here paves the way for a metasurface-enabled experimental simplification of
structured illumination microscopy.Comment: TR and PTB contributed equally to this wor
The Role of Tricellulin in Epithelial Jamming and Unjamming via Segmentation of Tricellular Junctions
Collective cellular behavior in confluent monolayers supports physiological and pathological processes of epithelial development, regeneration, and carcinogenesis. Here, the attainment of a mature and static tissue configuration or the local reactivation of cell motility involve a dynamic regulation of the junctions established between neighboring cells. Tricellular junctions (tTJs), established at vertexes where three cells meet, are ideally located to control cellular shape and coordinate multicellular movements. However, their function in epithelial tissue dynamic remains poorly defined. To investigate the role of tTJs establishment and maturation in the jamming and unjamming transitions of epithelial monolayers, a semi-automatic image-processing pipeline is developed and validated enabling the unbiased and spatially resolved determination of the tTJ maturity state based on the localization of fluorescent reporters. The software resolves the variation of tTJ maturity accompanying collective transitions during tissue maturation, wound healing, and upon the adaptation to osmolarity changes. Altogether, this work establishes junctional maturity at tricellular contacts as a novel biological descriptor of collective responses in epithelial monolayers
Effect of waste materials on acoustical properties of semi-dense asphalt mixtures
Among the urban societal burdens rolling noise generation from tire pavement interaction and urban waste stand apart. Many urban waste materials can be used in pavements with comparable mechanical performance. Noise-related pavement characteristics such as porosity, sound absorption and surface texture, were measured for semi-dense low noise pavement mixtures using urban waste materials namely: recycled concrete aggregates, crumb rubber, polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene. The results show that the use of these materials is a viable sustainable option for low noise pavements, however that may affect the noise reduction properties. With values around 0.2 at 1000 Hz, the sound absorption of all the mixtures is relatively low and the use of mean profile depth (MPD) alone is not enough to characterize the noise reduction properties. Surface texture was altered in different degrees depending on the waste material used. The results presented can aid in policy pertaining to noise abatement and waste reduction
Full-Spectrum Flexible Color Printing at the Diffraction Limit
Color printing at the diffraction limit has been recently explored by
fabricating nanoscale plasmonic structures with electron beam lithography.
However, only a limited color range and constant intensity throughout the
structure have been demonstrated. Here we show an alternative, facile approach
relying on the direct, open-atmosphere electrohydrodynamic rapid nanodrip
printing of controlled amounts of red, green and blue (RGB) quantum dots at a
resolution of 250 nm. The narrow emission spectrum of the dots allows the
coverage of a very broad color space, exceeding standard RGB (sRGB) of modern
display devices. We print color gradients of variable intensity, which to date
could not be achieved with diffraction-limited resolution. Showcasing the
capabilities of the technology, we present a photo-realistic printed image of a
colorful parrot with a pixel size of 250 nm
Schemes for and Mechanisms of Reduction in Thermal Conductivity in Nanostructured Thermoelectrics
Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations were performed to investigate schemes for enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of thermoelectric nanowires (NWs), including (1) roughening of the nanowire surface, (2) creating nanoparticle inclusions in the nanowires, and (3) coating the nanowire surface with other materials. The enhancement in energy conversion efficiency was inferred from the reduction in thermal conductivity of the nanowire, which was calculated by imposing a temperature gradient in the longitudinal direction. Compared to pristine nanowires, our simulation results show that the schemes proposed above lead to nanocomposite structures with considerably lower thermal conductivity (up to 82% reduction), implying ~5X enhancement in the ZT coefficient. This significant effect appears to have two origins: (1) increase in phonon-boundary scattering and (2) onset of interfacial interference. The results suggest new fundamental–yet realizable ways to improve markedly the energy conversion efficiency of nanostructured thermoelectrics
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