Simulating Male Selfish Strategy in Reproduction Dispute

We introduce into the Penna Model for biological ageing one of the possible male mechanisms used to maximize the ability of their sperm to compete with sperm from other males. Such a selfish mechanism increases the male reproduction success but may decrease the survival probability of the whole female population, depending on how it acts. We also find a dynamic phase transition induced by the existence of an absorbing state where no selfish males survive.Comment: 7 pages, latex including 2 eps figure

Gribov copies, Lattice QCD and the gluon propagator

We address the problem of Gribov copies in lattice QCD. The gluon propagator is computed, in the Landau gauge, using 302 ($\beta = 5.8$) $12^4$ configurations gauge fixed to different copies. The results of the simulation shows that: i) the effect of Gribov copies is small (less than 10%); ii) Gribov copies change essentially the lowest momenta components ($q < 2.6$ GeV); iii) within the statistical accuracy of our simulation, the effect of Gribov copies is resolved if statistical errors are multiplied by a factor of two or three. Moreover, when modelling the gluon propagator, different sets of Gribov copies produce different sets of parameters not, necessarily, compatible within one standard deviation. Finally, our data supports a gluon propagator which, for large momenta, behaves like a massive gluon propagator with a mass of 1.1 GeV