Currency Contracts, Pass-Through, and Devaluation

macroeconomics, currency contracts, devaluation

The omega-3 fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), prevents the damaging effects of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha during murine skeletal muscle cell differentiation

Background: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is a -3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with antiinflammatory and anti-cachetic properties that may have potential benefits with regards to skeletal muscle atrophy conditions where inflammation is present. It is also reported that pathologic levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α are associated with muscle wasting, exerted through inhibition of myogenic differentiation and enhanced apoptosis. These findings led us to hypothesize that EPA may have a protective effect against skeletal muscle damage induced by the actions of TNF-α. Results: The deleterious effects of TNF-α on C2C12 myogenesis were completely inhibited by co-treatment with EPA. Thus, EPA prevented the TNF-mediated loss of MyHC expression and significantly increased myogenic fusion (p < 0.05) and myotube diameter (p < 0.05) indices back to control levels. EPA protective activity was associated with blocking cell death pathways as EPA completely attenuated TNF-mediated increases in caspase-8 activity (p < 0.05) and cellular necrosis (p < 0.05) back to their respective control levels. EPA alone significantly reduced spontaneous apoptosis and necrosis of differentiating myotubes (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). A 2 hour pre-treatment with EPA, prior to treatment with TNF alone, gave similar results. Conclusion: In conclusion, EPA has a protective action against the damaging effects of TNF-α on C2C12 myogenesis. These findings support further investigations of EPA as a potential therapeutic agent during skeletal muscle regeneration following injury

Wind tunnel test on a 1/4.622 Froude scale, hingeless rotor, tilt rotor model, volume 1

Wing tunnel test data on a 1/4.622 Froude scale, hingeless rotor, tilt rotor mode are reported for all potential flight conditions through hover and a wide envelope of transitions. A mathematical model was used to describe the rotor system in real time simulation by means of regression analyses. Details of the model, test program and data system are provided together with four data files for hover and transition

Swashplate feedback control for tilt-rotor aircraft

Changes in angle of attack in system were sensed indirectly by gages which responded to strains induced in wing structure. Output signals were amplified, filtered, and used to activate swashplate actuators. System provided significant reduction in blade loads and desirable changes in hub forces and moments

Conceptual design studies of 1985 commercial VTOL transports that utilized rotors, Volume 2

Results of conceptual design studies of tilt rotor and tandem helicopter aircraft for a 200 nautical mile commercial short haul transport mission are presented. The trade study data used in selecting the design point aircraft and technology details necessary to support the design conclusions are included

How Can Human-Centered Design Be Used To Implement A Teacher-Designed, Standards-Based Curriculum?

The purpose of this study was to create a framework, based on the principles of HumanCentered Design, to implement and continue the development of a Standards-Based Curriculum that was designed by the teachers using it. While going through iterations, the curriculum will remain true to the principles of Standards-Based Instruction. Much of the research supporting a Standards-Based Curriculum comes from Robert Marzano. One of the main goals of using Human-Centered Design, in addition to the continued design and implementation of a guaranteed and viable curriculum, is to increase Collective-Teacher Efficacy. Elmore and Hattie both cite extensive data suggesting that high Collective-Teacher Efficacy has a major positive impact on student achievement. The project has two primary functions: 1) agendas and materials for three professional development sessions; 2) instructions for gathering and using feedback to inform future iterations of the curriculum. The project is written for an Instructional Leader who would serve as the facilitator of Human-Centered Design for the grade level implementing the curriculum. Chapter 4 describes some of the challenges that can be improved for this project, many of them logistic. It also contains possible implications. This framework for designing and implementing curriculum, keeping teachers’ voice at the center of the design, could completely flip the traditional curriculum cycle. It has the potential to foster high Collective-Teacher Efficacy by emphasizing co-creation and diverse ideas. Further, a curriculum developed in this way has the potential to truly reflect the diverse group of teachers and students interacting with i

Impersonal Personhood: Crafting a Coherent Theory of the Corporate Entity

Corporate legal personhood is a baffling and elusive concept. Are corporations persons and, if so, what does this mean? Ascribing the moniker of person to a corporation can conjure up the idea that a corporate entity is entitled to all the natural and legal rights that natural personhood entails. This, however, ignores that there are different kinds of legal person and that the scope of their respective rights differs based on the purpose of the personhood they are given. This Note posits that the law grants corporations entity-hood primarily to centralize contractual rights and obligations. This purpose, this Note contends, is the root of the nexus of contracts theory-a theory which suggests that corporations are not persons, but webs of contracts between their stakeholders. However, as David Gindis has noted, the nexus does not replace the corporate entity - it is the corporate entity. Further, nexus of contracts can and should be repurposed as a theory of corporate entity-hood, as it offers a theoretical framework for defining and limiting the scope of this ambiguous concept. Corporations should only be granted the rights necessary to fulfill this particular kind of personhood\u27s contractarian purpose - and this fits within the Bill of Rights\u27 individual-rights framework. Such an understanding meshes Gindis\u27s interpretation with David Ciepley\u27s proposal for a separate category of corporate person in a way that preserves Ronald Coase\u27s purposing of the firm in defining corporate rights. This Note looks at the right to freedom of speech as an example of the nexus for contracts theory\u27s application and concludes that this right is not strictly necessary to fulfill the contractarian purpose of corporate entity-hood. This new theory can and should be applied to other rights as well, by courts and policymakers alike

Conceptual design study of a 1985 commercial STOL tilt rotor transport

Results of conceptual engineering design studies of a STOL tilt rotor commercial aircraft for the 1985 time frame are presented. The details of aircraft size, performance, flying qualities, noise, and cost are included. The savings in terms of fuel economy resulting from STOL operations compared with VTOL vehicles are determined