Efficacité biologique de six procèdes de désinfection appliqués au traitement tertiaire des eaux résiduaires urbaines

Des essais comparatifs ont été réalisés au CREATE au cours des années 1980 et 1981. Ils ont permis d'évaluer l'efficacité biologique de 6 modes de traitement différents : Ultra-Violet, Ozone, Chlore, Dioxyde de chlore, Brome et Iode. Outre les indicateurs classiques de pollution fécale (califormes, streptocoques), le comportement d'amibes libres, marqueurs hydrotelluriques, a été suivi. Les débits retenus étaient de 5 m3.h-1 pour l'ensemble des désinfectants chimiques, de 7 m3.h-1 pour un des deux pilotes U.V., de 10 m3.h-1 pour l'autre. Les temps de contact étaient de 10 mn pour le brome et l'iode, 15 mn pour le dioxyde de chlore, 30 mn pour le chlore, 20 mn pour l'ozone, 2 à 5 secondes pour les U.V. Les procédés de désinfection utilisés ont une efficacité relative qui dépend de l'indicateur biologique choisi

An Application of ARDL Approach

The paper examines the relationship between financial development and income inequality; and also explores if the Greenwood and Jovianvich (GJ) hypothesis applies to Pakistan. Using data from 1971 to 2005, the paper implements the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration to examine the existence of long run; and the error correction model (ECM) for the short run relationships. Stationarity properties of the series are checked by the ADF method. The findings indicate that financial development reduces income inequality while financial instability aggravates it. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, we find economic growth worsens income distribution and that the latter is deteriorated further by trade openness. The paper does not find support for the GJ relation. Appropriate reforms aimed at developing a well-organized financial sector in Pakistan can help reduce income inequality

Renal and thymic pathology in thymoma-associated nephropathy: report of 21 cases and review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Acquired thymic disease (malignant thymoma or thymic hyperplasia) is associated with various autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis (MG), pure red-cell aplasia (PRCA), pemphigus vulgaris or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Renal disease has rarely been observed in association with thymoma. METHODS: This retrospective, multicentric study collected data on patients with thymic disease and biopsy-proven renal involvement. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were studied (age: 49+/-14 years; male/female ratio: 8/13). Thymic pathology revealed mostly high-grade malignant thymoma (B2 and AB type); two cases were associated with non-malignant thymic hyperplasia. MG was found in nine out of 21 cases, SLE in three, PRCA in three and pemphigus in two. In 47% of these cases, nephropathy occurred after curative treatment of thymoma (108+/-83 months; range: 8-180 months), mainly based on surgical thymectomy associated with radiotherapy. Clinical and laboratory findings included nephrotic syndrome (75%), renal failure (50%), frequent presence of antinuclear antibodies and hypogammaglobulinaemia. Renal pathology showed minimal change disease in 14 patients and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in one. Membranous nephropathy was observed in four cases, ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis in two and thrombotic microangiopathy in one. Most patients with minimal change disease or FSGS (11/13) were steroid-sensitive. Despite good response to steroids, 38% of patients died from thymoma and 17% developed end-stage renal failure. CONCLUSIONS: Glomerulopathy can be associated with thymoma or thymic hyperplasia. The present series shows that minimal change disease is the most frequent thymoma-associated glomerular lesion and that it may occur several years after thymectomy