Joint user clustering and salp based particle swarm optimization algorithm for power allocation in MIMO-NOMA

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) provides a positive solution for multiple access issues and meets the criteria of fifth-generation (5G) networks by improving service quality that includes vast convergence and energy efficiency. The problem is formulated for maximizing the sum rate of MIMO-NOMA by assigning power to multiple layers of users. In order to overcome these problems, two distinct evolutionary algorithms are applied. In particular, the recently implemented Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) and the prominent Optimization of Particle Swarm (PSO) are utilized in this process. The MIMO-NOMA model optimizes the power allocation by layered transmission using the proposed Joint User Clustering and Salp Particle Swarm Optimization (PPSO) power allocation algorithm. Also, the closed-form expression is extracted from the current Channel State Information (CSI) on the transmitter side for the achievable sum rate. The efficiency of the proposed optimal power allocation algorithm is evaluated by the spectral efficiency, achievable rate, and energy efficiency of 120.8134bits/s/Hz, 98Mbps, and 22.35bits/Joule/Hz respectively. Numerical results have shown that the proposed PSO algorithm has improved performance than the state of art techniques in optimization. The outcomes on the numeric values indicate that the proposed PSO algorithm is capable of accurately improving the initial random solutions and converging to the optimum.</jats:p

The face mask: A tale from protection to pollution and demanding sustainable solution

The usage of face masks in various sectors of healthcare facilities dates back to years ago. However, the utilization of facial coverings experienced a rapid surge as a result of the escalating rate of COVID-19 infections witnessed across the entire globe. This culminated in an unparalleled inundation of disposed facial coverings within the surrounding ecosystem. This transforms the face mask from a potent protectant into a massive emerging solid plastic waste pollutant with long-term adverse effects on the environment and human health. The utilization of facial coverings on a worldwide scale escalated to an immensely significant 129 billion per month at the onset of the pandemic. Nanomaterial-based technologies have been integrated into mask manufacturing chains to increase performance and provide antiviral characteristics. Nanotechnology encompasses multidisciplinary aspects including artificial intelligence, chemistry, biology, material science, physical science, and medicine. Abridgment of this review aims to make discarded face masks into a sustainable solution to many environmental pollution. In addition, it culminates collaborative and well-conducted trials, done for generating sustainable greener solutions for disposed face masks with the intention that usage of face masks in an environment-friendly manner. Given the preceding, the purpose of this review is to discuss the evolution of discarded face masks from sentinel pathogens to emerging environmental pollutants over time, as well as to comprehend the effect of discarded face masks on the biosphere, human health, and the food chain, by developing scientifically validated strategies to treat discarded face masks for a sustainable future

Thioflavin T as an Efficient Inducer and Selective Fluorescent Sensor for the Human Telomeric G‑Quadruplex DNA

The quest for a G-quadruplex specific fluorescent sensor among other DNA forms under physiological salt conditions has been addressed in this article. We demonstrate for the first time the application of a water-soluble fluorogenic dye, Thioflavin T (ThT), in a dual role of exclusively inducing quadruplex folding in the 22AG human telomeric DNA, both in the presence and absence of Tris buffer/salt, and sensing the same through its fluorescence light-up having emission enhancement of the order of 2100-fold in the visible region. Appropriate conditions allow an apparent switch over of the parallel quadruplex structure in 22AG–ThT (50 mM Tris, pH 7.2) solution to the antiparallel form just by the addition of K⁺ ions in the range 10–50 mM. Moreover, addition of ThT cooperatively stabilizes the K⁺ induced antiparallel quadruplexes by a Δ<i>T</i>_m ∼11 °C. The distinction of ThT as a quadruplex inducer has been contrasted with the erstwhile used structurally related dye, Thiazole Orange (TO), which did not induce any quadruplex folding in the 22AG strand in the absence of salt. The striking fluorescence light-up in ThT on binding to the human telomeric G-quadruplex is shown to be highly specific compared to the less than 250-fold enhancement observed with other single/double strand DNA forms. This work has implication in designing new generation dyes based on the ThT scaffold, which are highly selective for telomeric DNA, for potential diagnostic, therapeutic, and ion-sensing applications