A Theory of time-varying Constants

We present a flat (K=0) cosmological model, described by a perfect fluid with the ``constants'' $G,c$ and $\Lambda$ varying with cosmological time $t$. We introduce Planck\'s ``constant'' $\hbar$ in the field equations through the equation of state for the energy density of radiation. We then determine the behaviour of the ``constants'' by using the zero divergence of the second member of the modified Einstein\'s field equations i.e. $div(\frac{G}{c^{4}}T_{i}^{j}+\delta_{i}^{j}\Lambda)=0,$ together with the equation of state and the Einstein cosmological equations. Assuming realistic physical and mathematical conditions we obtain a consistent result with $\hbar c=constant$. In this way we obtain gauge invariance for the Schr\"{o}dinger equation and the behaviour of the remaining ``constants''Comment: 15 pages, RevTeX

Optimization of the e-e- option for the ILC

The e-e- running mode is one of the interesting physics options at the International Linear Collider (ILC). The luminosity for e-e- collisions is reduced by the beam-beam effects. The resulting beamstrahlung energy loss and beam-beam deflection angles as function of the vertical transverse offset are different compared to the e+e- collisions. In this paper, the dependence of these observables with the offset for different beam sizes has been analyzed to optimize performances for the e-e- mode, taking into account the requirements of the beam-beam deflection based intra-train feedback system. A first study of the implications for the final focus and extraction line optics is also presented for the cases of the 20 mrad and 2 mrad ILC base line crossing angle geometries

Luminosity, beamstrahlung energy loss and beam-beam deflections for e+e−e^+e^- collisions at the ILC with 500 GeV and varying transverse beam sizes

At the interaction point of the International Linear Collider, beam-beam effects due to the strong electromagnetic fields that the bunches experience during collisions cause a mutual focusing called pinch effect, which enhances the luminosity in the case of $e^+e^-$ collisions. The opposite is true for $e^+e^-$ collisions. In this case the luminosity is reduced by mutual defocusing, or anti-pinching. The resulting beamstrahlung energy loss and beam-beam deflection angles as function of the vertical transverse offset are also different for both modes of operation. The dependence of these quantities with transverse beam sizes are presented for the case of $e^+e^-$ collisions

Luminosity, beamstrahlung energy loss and beam-beam deflections for e+e- and e-e- collisions at the ILC with 500 GeV and varying transverse beam sizes

At the interaction point of the International Linear Collider, beam-beam effects due to the strong electromagnetic fields that the bunches experience during collisions cause a mutual focusing called pinch effect, which enhances the luminosity in the case of $e^+e^-$ collisions. The opposite is true for $e^+e^-$ collisions. In this case the luminosity is reduced by mutual defocusing, or anti-pinching. The resulting beamstrahlung energy loss and beam-beam deflection angles as function of the vertical transverse offset are also different for both modes of operation. The dependence of these quantities with transverse beam sizes are presented for the case of $e^+e^-$ collisions

A Very High-beta Optics to be used for an Absolute Luminosity Determination with Forward Detectors in ATLAS

The Atlas experiment at the LHC pursues a number of different approaches to obtain an estimate of the absolute luminosity [3]. Measuring elastic scattering at very small angles (3 μrad) represents a different and complimentary approach that will improve the precision of the final luminosity estimate. In this paper we show the required very high-β optics and the detector acceptance studies

Comparison of ILC Fast Beam-Beam Feedback Performance in the e−e−e^- e^- and e+e−e^+ e^- Modes of Operation

Several feedback loops are required in the Beam Delivery System (BDS) of the International Linear Collider (ILC) to preserve the luminosity in the presence of dynamic imperfections. Realistic simulations have been carried out to study the performance of the beam-beam deflection based fast feedback system, for both e+e- and e-e- modes of operation. The beam-beam effects in the e-e- collisions make both the luminosity and the deflections more sensitive to offsets at the interaction point (IP) than in the case of the e+e-collisions. This reduces the performance of the feedback system in comparison to the standard e+e- collisions, and may require a different beam parameter optimization

El seguimiento farmacoterapéutico: un componente de la calidad en la atención al paciente

The principal aim of management of the Quality of Care is to assure patient satisfaction, through theactive involvement of health care staff and the incorporation of strategies, whose main aim is to achievecontinuous improvement in clinical activities and to incorporate patient safety as one of its principlecomponents.The management of patient safety is a means to minimizing any possible harm to patients in careprocesses, including the use of medicines. The principles of patient safety can be applied to both levelsof patient care and involve all health care professionals. The risk management is an integral part ofpatient care. Patient safety depends on the solution of problems and the prevention of errors.The pharmacist’s role in patient safety is carried out through Pharmaceutical Care processes and especiallythrough Pharmacotherapy follow-up (PF), which aims to prevent, detect and resolve Drug TherapyProblems (DTP).One of the main difficulties associated with this field is the lack of uniformity of the results obtainedthroughout the different studies carried out, where differences in definitions occur, as in the classificationof drug problems themselves, where process and result are constantly intermingled: Adverse effect,undesirable events, medication errors, DTP, etc.The criteria for classifying such aspects should be uniform, so as to make common information available,which will enable pharmacists to obtain greater knowledge on prevalence, their types, causes, severityand consequences.There is a general desire to improve upon patient safety, to assess the technological processes involvedin evaluating effectiveness and safety, and to certify the establishments and health care professionalsresponsible for such processes.This same approach should also be applied to PF, which is subject to the same basic safety principles.As in the case of all work carried out within the health system, the work of the pharmacist involvesthe professional and ethical responsibility of making his knowledge, experience and methodology availableto his patients. Pharmacists now have the opportunity of making a significant contribution to patientsafety, both in general terms and more specifically in the use of medicines, in a field which is currentlyset for future development.La gestión de la Calidad Total busca la satisfacción del usuario, la implicación activa de los profesionalesresponsables de su salud y la incorporación de estrategias para la mejora continua de las actividadesclínicas, incorporando la búsqueda de la seguridad del paciente como componente principal.La gestión de la seguridad del paciente minimiza las lesiones no intencionadas atribuibles a procesosde la atención sanitaria, incluido el uso de medicamentos. Los principios de seguridad del paciente seaplican en ambos niveles asistenciales y a todos los profesionales sanitarios. Gestionar el riesgo escuidar al paciente. La Seguridad del paciente pretende resolver problemas y prevenir errores.La aportación del farmacéutico a la seguridad del paciente se realiza con la Atención Farmacéutica y enconcreto con el Seguimiento Farmacoterapéutico (SFT) que previene, detecta y resuelve ProblemasRelacionados con los Medicamentos (PRM).Uno de los principales problemas para avanzar, es la dificultad para homogeneizar resultados; existendiferencias en las definiciones, al igual que ocurre en el ámbito del medicamento, donde se mezclapermanentemente proceso y resultado: Efecto adverso, Acontecimiento no deseado, Errores de medicación,PRM, etc.Se ha de homogenizar la taxonomia; disponer de una información común permitiría conocer mejor laprevalencia, sus tipos, sus causas, su gravedad así como sus consecuencias.Se quiere caminar hacia la seguridad del paciente evaluando tecnologías su efectividad y su seguridad,acreditando establecimientos y acreditando competencia profesional.Este es el camino también para el SFT que comparte los principios básicos de calidad de la seguridaddel paciente.El farmacéutico tiene la responsabilidad profesional y ética de poner a disposición de los pacientes elconocimiento, la experiencia y el método, igual que las acciones emprendidas por los sistemas sanitarios.Existe la oportunidad de estar, de ser los responsables de esta aportación, porque la seguridad delpaciente, en general, y en relación al uso de los medicamentos en particular, va a desarrollarse

Modeling of the shared magnets of the ATF Extraction Line

After extraction from the ATF Damping Ring, the linear beam optics is matched before injection into a section dedicated to beam diagnostics. Experimentally, vertical emittances in this section have since several years been observed to be larger than expected, byfactors of two to three, with a seemingly strong dependence on intensity. This has motivated studies of the possible sources of emittance growth. One of these is thought to be the non-linearity experienced by the beam during the extraction, as it is transported off-axis through several magnets which are shared with the Damping Ring. Such non-linearity can generate a sensitivity of the emittance to the orbit parameters in the extraction, which would be very undesirable in the newly built ATF2 final focus system, where the same extraction line is used. In this report, a detailed calculation of the modeling of these shared magnets is presented, in order to quantify the magnitudes of both the linear and non-linear fields to be used in the evaluation of the optics and in tracking simulations of the performance of the extraction line