Artificial insemination studies in Macrobrachium idella (Hilgendorf, 1898)

A simple method for artificial insemination of Macrobrachium idella has been developed. Observations on virili ty in different size groups of males have been reported. The insemination procedu re involved extrusion of spermatophores by electrical stimulus and attachment of sperm mass at the receptive area of newly moulted normal and eye ablated females. Manually placed spermatophorcs were retained through spawning. Fertilization was obtained and eggs fertilized in this way, hatched to normal healthy larvae. The exact lime for placement of spermatophores after the pre-spawning moult of female has been worked oul. Further successful spawning could be obse rved for more than one female simultaneously by using whole sperm mass of a single male. Freshly extruded spermalophores and those stored in refrigerated condition (6°q for different lime duration have al so been used in inseminating females artificially with good success

Trees and water: smallholder agroforestry on irrigated lands in Northern India

Trees / Populus deltoids / Agroforestry / Afforestation / Reforestation / Models / Water use / Water balance / Evapotranspiration / Precipitation / Remote sensing / Irrigation requirements / India

Frequent strandings of dolphins and whales along the gulf of Mannar coast

The present observations no specific reason could be attributed towards the frequent strandlngs of marine mammals in the Gulf of Meinnar region. It Is inferred that any one factor as given above or more would have contributed towards the strandlngs. As the Indian Ocean is declared as a sanctuary for whales,the frequent stranding of whales eind dolphins emphasise the need for Intensive study on conservation measures. The scientific Information on the extent of strandlngs of marine mammals all along the coast needs consolidation

Large Non-perturbative Effects of Small \Delta m^2_{21}/\Delta m^2_{31} and \sin \theta_{13} on Neutrino Oscillation and CP Violation in Matter

In the framework of three generations, we consider the CP violation in neutrino oscillation with matter effects. At first, we show that the non-perturbative effects of two small parameters, \Delta m_{21}^2/\Delta m_{31}^2 and \sin \theta_{13}, become more than 50% in certain ranges of energy and baseline length. This means that the non-perturbative effects should be considered in detailed analysis in the long baseline experiments. Next, we propose a method to include these effects in approximate formulas for oscillation probabilities. Assuming the two natural conditions, \theta_{23}=45^\circ and the fact that the matter density is symmetric, a set of approximate formulas, which involve the non-perturbative effects, has been derived in all channels.Comment: 25 pages, 4 figures, version to appear in JHE

Very Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiment for Precise Measurements of Mixing Parameters and CP Violating Effects

We analyze the prospects of a feasible, Brookhaven National Laboratory based, very long baseline (BVLB) neutrino oscillation experiment consisting of a conventional horn produced low energy wide band beam and a detector of 500 kT fiducial mass with modest requirements on event recognition and resolution. Such an experiment is intended primarily to determine CP violating effects in the neutrino sector for 3-generation mixing. We analyze the sensitivity of such an experiment. We conclude that this experiment will allow determination of the CP phase $\delta_{CP}$ and the currently unknown mixing parameter $\theta_{13}$, if $\sin ^2 2 \theta_{13} \geq 0.01$, a value $\sim 15$ times lower than the present experimental upper limit. In addition to $\theta_{13}$ and $\delta_{CP}$, the experiment has great potential for precise measurements of most other parameters in the neutrino mixing matrix including $\Delta m^2_{32}$, $\sin^2 2\theta_{23}$, $\Delta m^2_{21}\times \sin 2 \theta_{12}$, and the mass ordering of neutrinos through the observation of the matter effect in the $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ appearance channel.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure

Deeply Virtual Neutrino Scattering (DVNS)

We introduce the study of neutrino scattering off protons in the deeply virtual kinematics, which describes under a unified formalism elastic and deep inelastic neutrino scattering. A real final state photon and a recoiling nucleon are detected in the few GeV ($|t|\sim 0.2-5$ GeV) region of momentum transfer. This is performed via an extension of the notion of deeply virtual Compton scattering, or DVCS, to the case of a neutral current exchange. The relevance of this process and of other similar exclusive processes for the study of neutrino interactions in neutrino factories for GeV neutrinos is pointed out.Comment: 28 pages, 12 figures, revised final version, to appear in JHE

Testing whether muon neutrino flavor mixing is maximal

The small difference between the survival probabilities of muon neutrino and antineutrino beams, traveling through earth matter in a long baseline experiment such as MINOS, is shown to be an important measure of any possible deviation from maximality in the flavor mixing of those states.Comment: Some revision has been made in the experimental discussions with two new figures replacing the old ones and a clarification of the accuracy of the perturbative result has been included. This version will be published in Physical Review Letters. Title changed as asked by the editors of Physical Review Letter