Effect of retrofit interventions on seismic fragility of Italian residential masonry buildings

In this paper, the vulnerability of ordinary unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings is analyzed, and the literature related to possible seismic retrofit interventions is reviewed in order to investigate their feasibility and effectiveness. These interventions are then simulated on a data-base of 445 buildings through Vulnus_4.0 software, that performs simplified mechanical analyses accounting for both global and local behavior of masonry buildings. The fragility of each building is assessed both in its as-built state and after the simulation of retrofit interventions. Fragility curves are then processed, and a fragility model for four building typologies is obtained for the as -built and the seismic retrofitted configurations. Lastly, mean damage maps are elaborated, and the performance of the proposed retrofit interventions is analyzed. The results of this work allow evaluating and comparing the improvement of seismic behavior brought by various retrofit in-terventions and could serve as a basis for further theoretical studies and for practical design in real cases

Mechanics-based fragility curves for Italian residential URM buildings

Seismic risk assessment at the territorial level is now widely recognised as essential for countries with intense seismic activity, such as Italy. Academia is called to give its contribution in order to synergically deepen the knowledge about the various components of this risk, starting from the complex evaluation of vulnerability of the built heritage. In line with this, a mechanics-based seismic fragility model for Italian residential masonry buildings was developed and presented in this paper. This model is based on the classification of the building stock in macro-typologies, defined by age of construction and number of storeys, which being information available at national level, allow simulating damage scenarios and carrying out risk analyses on a territorial scale. The model is developed on the fragility of over 500 buildings, sampled according to national representativeness criteria and analysed through the Vulnus_4.0 software. The calculated fragility functions were extended on the basis of a reference model available in the literature, which provides generic fragilities for the EMS98 vulnerability classes, thus obtaining a fragility model defined on the five EMS98 damage states. Lastly, to assess the reliability of the proposed model, this was used to simulate damage scenarios due to the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Overall, the comparison between model results and observed damage showed a good fit, proving the model effectiveness

Application of electro-fenton process for the treatment of methylene blue

The electrochemical removal of an aqueous solution containing 0.25 mM of methylene blue (MB), one of the most important thiazine dye, has been investigated by electro-Fenton process using a graphite-felt cathode to electrogenerate in situ hydrogen peroxide and regenerate ferrous ions as catalyst. The effect of operating conditions such as applied current, catalyst concentration, and initial dye content on MB degradation has been studied. MB removal and mineralization were monitored during the electrolysis by UV\u2013Vis analysis and TOC measurements. The experimental results showed that MB was completely removed by the reaction with \u2022OH radicals generated from electrochemically assisted Fenton\u2019s reaction, and in any conditions the decay kinetic always follows a pseudo-first-order reaction. The faster MB oxidation rate was obtained applying a current of 300 mA, with 0.3 mM Fe2+at T=35 \ub0C. In these conditions, 0.25 mM MB was completely removed in 45 min and the initial TOC was removed in 90 min of electrolysis, meaning the almost complete mineralization of the organic content of the treated solution

Characterisation of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-\u3b4- Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-\u3b4composite as cathode for solid oxide fuel cells

Mixture of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-\u3b4 and Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-\u3b4, was investigated as promising cathode for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The two perovskites possess high catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction (ORR), although some problems related to their chemical and structural stability have still to be overcome in view of improving durability of the cell performance. The achievement of a stable and high-performing composite material is the aim of this study. In principle, chemical equilibrium at the LSCF-BSCF interface may be reached through ions interdiffusion during the sintering process, resulting in the chemical stabilization of the material. The composite-cathode deposited on Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-\u3b4 electrolyte was then investigated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) as a function of temperature, overpotential and time. The results exhibited an interesting electrochemical behavior of the electrode toward oxygen reduction reaction. XRD analysis was performed to detect structural modification during thermal or operation stages and it was found that after the sintering the two starting perovskites were no longer present; a new phase with a rhombohedral La0,4Sr0,6FeO3-type structure (LSF) is formed. An improvement in composite cathode durability has been detected under the considered operating conditions (200 mAcm-2, 700 \ub0C) in comparison with the pure BSCF electrode. The results confirmed this new electrode as promising system for further investigation as IT-SOFC cathode

A Comprehensive Approach to Improve Performance and Stability of State-of-the- Art Air Electrodes for Intermediate Temperature Reversible Cells: An Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are devices for the transformation of chemical energy in electrical energy. SOFC appear very promising for their very high efficiency, in addition to the capability to work in reverse mode, which makes them suitable for integration in production units powered with renewables. Research efforts are currently addressed to find chemically and structurally stable materials, in order to improve performance stability during long-term operation. In this work, we examine different approaches for improving stability of two state-of-the-art perovskite materials, La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-\uf064 (LSCF) and Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-\uf064 (BSCF), very promising as air electrodes. Two different systems are considered: (i) LSCF and BSCF porous electrodes impregnated by a nano-sized La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-\uf064 layer and (ii) LSCF-BSCF composites with the two phases in different volume proportions. The study considers the results obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy investigation, observing the polarisation resistance (Rp) of each system to evaluate performance in typical SOFC operating conditions. Furthermore, the behaviour of polarisation resistance under the effect of a net current load (cathodic) circulating for hundreds of hours is examined, as parameter to evaluate long-term performance stability

Adoptive cell therapy of triple negative breast cancer with redirected cytokine-induced killer cells

Cytokine-Induced Killer (CIK) cells share several functional and phenotypical properties of both T and natural killer (NK) cells. They represent an attractive approach for cell-based immunotherapy, as they do not require antigen-specific priming for tumor cell recognition, and can be rapidly expanded in vitro. Their relevant expression of Fc\u3b3RIIIa (CD16a) can be exploited in combination with clinical-grade monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to redirect their lytic activity in an antigen-specific manner. Here, we report the efficacy of this combined approach against triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive tumor that still requires therapeutic options. Different primitive and metastatic TNBC cancer mouse models were established in NSG mice, either by implanting patient-derived TNBC samples or injecting MDA-MB-231 cells orthotopically or intravenously. The combined treatment consisted in the repeated intratumoral or intravenous injection of CIK cells and cetuximab. Tumor growth and metastasis were monitored by bioluminescence or immunohistochemistry, and survival was recorded. CIK cells plus cetuximab significantly restrained primitive tumor growth in mice, either in patient-derived tumor xenografts or MDA-MB-231 cell line models. Moreover, this approach almost completely abolished metastasis spreading and dramatically improved survival. The antigen-specific mAb favored tumor and metastasis tissue infiltration by CIK cells, and led to an enrichment of the CD16a+ subset. Data highlight the potentiality of this novel immunotherapy strategy where a nonspecific cytotoxic cell population can be converted into tumor-specific effectors with clinical-grade antibodies, thus providing not only a therapeutic option for TNBC but also a valid alternative to more complex approaches based on chimeric antigen receptor-engineered cells. List of abbreviations: ACT, Adoptive Cell Transfer; ADCC, Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity; ADP, Adenosine diphosphate; BLI, Bioluminescence Imaging; CAR, Chimeric Antigen Receptor; CIK, Cytokine Induced Killer cells; CTX, Cetuximab; DMEM, Dulbecco\u2019s Modified Eagle Medium; EGFR, Human Epidermal Growth Factor 1; ER, Estrogen; FBS, Fetal Bovine Serum; FFPE, Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded; GMP, Good Manufacturing Practices; GVHD, Graft Versus Host Disease; HER2, Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2; HRP, Horseradish Peroxidase; IFN-\u3b3, Interferon-\u3b3; IHC, Immunohistochemistry; IL-2, Interleukin-2; ISO, Irrelevant antibody; i.t., intratumoral; i.v., intravenous, mAbs, Monoclonal Antibodies; mIHC, Multiplex Fluorescence Immunohistochemistry; MHC, Major Histocompatibility Complex; NK, Natural Killer; NKG2D, Natural-Killer group 2 member D; NSG, NOD/SCID common \u3b3 chain knockout; PARP, Poly ADP-ribose polymerase; PBMCs, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells; PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline; PDX, Patient-derived xenograft; PR, Progesterone; rhIFN-\u3b3, Recombinant Human Interferon-\u3b3; RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute; STR, Short tandem Repeat; TCR, T Cell Receptor; TNBC, Triple Negative Breast Cancer; TSA, Tyramide Signal Amplification

Bridging and downstaging to transplantation in HCC

n/

Hyaluronan is a natural and effective immunological adjuvant for protein-based vaccines

One of the main goals of vaccine research is the development of adjuvants that can enhance immune responses and are both safe and biocompatible. We explored the application of the natural polymer hyaluronan (HA) as a promising immunological adjuvant for protein-based vaccines. Chemical conjugation of HA to antigens strongly increased their immunogenicity, reduced booster requirements, and allowed antigen dose sparing. HA-based bioconjugates stimulated robust and long-lasting humoral responses without the addition of other immunostimulatory compounds and proved highly efficient when compared to other adjuvants. Due to its intrinsic biocompatibility, HA allowed the exploitation of different injection routes and did not induce inflammation at the inoculation site. This polymer promoted rapid translocation of the antigen to draining lymph nodes, thus facilitating encounters with antigen-presenting cells. Overall, HA can be regarded as an effective and biocompatible adjuvant to be exploited for the design of a wide variety of vaccines

P06.06 Adoptive cell therapy of triple negative breast cancer with redirected cytokine-induced killer cells

Background Cytokine-Induced Killer (CIK) cells share several functional and phenotypical properties of both T and natural killer (NK) cells, and represent an attractive approach for cell-based immunotherapy as they do not require antigen-specific priming for tumor cell recognition, and can be efficiently and rapidly expanded in vitro. We recently reported that CIK cells have a relevant expression of FcγRIIIa (CD16a), which can be exploited in combination with clinical-grade monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to redirect their lytic activity in an antigen-specific manner. Here, we report the assessment and the efficacy of this combined approach against triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive tumor that still requires reliable therapeutic options. Materials and methods Different primitive and metastatic TNBC cancer mouse models were established in NSG mice, either by implanting patient-derived TNBC samples or MDA-MB-231 cells subcutaneously or orthotopically into the mammary fat pad, or by injecting MDA-MB-231 cells intravenously. The combined treatment consisted in the repeated intratumoral or intravenous injection of CIK cells and cetuximab, while the mAb alone or CIK cells plus Rituximab served as control treatments. Tumor growth and metastasis were monitored by bioluminescence or immunohistochemistry, and survival was recorded. Results CIK cells plus cetuximab significantly restrained primitive tumor growth in mice, either implanted with TNBC patient-derived tumor xenografts or injected with MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell line. Moreover, in both experimental and spontaneous metastatic models the combined approach almost completely abolished metastasis spreading and dramatically improved survival. The antigen-specific mAb favored tumor and metastasis tissue infiltration by CIK cells, and in particular led to an enrichment of the CD16a+ subset. Conclusions Data highlight the potentiality of a novel immunotherapy approach where a non-specific cytotoxic cell population can be converted into tumor-specific effectors with clinical-grade antibodies, thus providing not only a therapeutic option for TNBC but also a valid alternative to more complex approaches based on chimeric antigen receptor-engineered cells. Disclosure Information R. Sommaggio: None. E. Cappuzzello: None. A. Dalla Pieta: None. P. Palmerini: None. A. Tosi: None. D. Carpanese: None. L. Nicole: None. A. Rosato: None